Places & Spaces

Places & Spaces: Mapping Science

Contact | Where | When | What | Lectures and Events | Acknowledgements | Reading List | Press

Are you interested in seeing science from above? Curious to see what impact one single person or invention can have? Keen to find pockets of innovation? Desperate for better tools to manage the information flood? Or are you simply fascinated by maps? Then visit the Places & Spaces: Mapping Science exhibit at on display at the American Museum of Science and Energy, Oak Ridge, TN September 7, 2007- January 7, 2008.

The exhibit aims to demonstrate the power of maps to navigate and make sense of physical places and abstract topic spaces. The display at AMSE features the first three of ten iterations of the Places & Spaces exhibit entitled 'The Power of Maps', 'The Power of Reference Systems', and 'The Power of Forecasts'. Also shown are Illuminated Diagram displays by W. Bradford Paley, Kevin Boyack, John Burgoon, Peter Kennard, and Richard Klavans and Worldprocessor globes by Ingo Günther, and hands-on science maps for kids with paintings by Fileve Palmer.

Scientists will be stimulated, students and teachers encouraged, and the general public fascinated by this multi-layered accessible approach to the worlds of modern scientific thought.


Just in! See the pictures!


OSTI Contributed Maps


CONTACT:
Exhibit Curators:
Dr. Katy Börner <katy@indiana.edu> and Julie Smith <julmsmit@indiana.edu>,
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN

Exhibit Advisor:
Ken Mayes <ken.mayes@amse.org> from the American Museum of Science and Energy, Oak Ridge, TN

WHERE: American Museum of Science and Energy, First Floor
300 South Tulane Ave.
Oak Ridge, TN 37830

WHEN: September 7, 2007-January 7, 2008

WHAT: The Power of Maps: Four Early Maps of Our World VERSUS Six Early Maps of Science (1st Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit)

This iteration aims to show the power of maps to help us understand, navigate, and manage both physical places and abstract knowledge spaces. The first maps of our planet were not perfectly correct. Yet they were invaluable for navigation, exploration, and communication. Maps of science generated today cannot be comprehensive as they are generated based on only a small portion of mankind's knowledge. The generation of a comprehensive map requires the proper interlinkage of multilingual, multidisciplinary, multi-media scholarly knowledge. Note that each of the six early maps of science displayed here use a different metaphor. We are interested in inspiring discussion about which metaphors will be most effective in designing a visual index of mankind's knowledge.

Click on any map below for more information.



The Power of Reference Systems: Four Existing Reference Systems VERSUS Six Potential Reference Systems (2nd Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit)

This iteration aims to inspire discussion about a common reference system for all of mankind's scientific knowledge. Scientists in many disciplines battled to agree on standardized reference systems such as the electromagnetic spectrum, the periodic table of elements, geographic mappings, and the celestial reference systems shown here. These standardized systems are invaluable for indexing, storing, accessing, and managing scientific data efficiently. Note that each of the six potential reference systems-- from the one-dimensional time-based system to the geospatial system to the semantic system--could potentially be used to identify the "location" of an author, paper, patent, or grant, or to show the dynamics of an author's trajectory or contribution, as well as the impact of a particular work.

Click on any map below for more information.

The Power of Forecasts: Four Existing Forecasts VERSUS Six Potential Science Forecasts (3rd Iteration of Places & Spaces Exhibit)

The third iteration compares and contrasts seismic hazard, economic, resource depletion, and epidemic forecast maps with maps forecasting the structure and evolution of science. Rea time weather forecasts are served by the national Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Computational models of the movements of tectonic plates help reduce losses due to earthquakes, volcanic activity, or tsunamis. Economic models let us simulate catastrophic and sustainable futures for mankind. Epidemic models make us understand how interconnected we all are and how actions far away affect us right here. Daily science and technology forecasts would show science maps with overlays of top experts/institutions/countries, major activity bursts, or emerging research frontiers augmenting our knowledge and decision making. Why are they not available on TV, in press and online?

Click on any map below for more information.



Worldprocessor Globes


Foreign US Patent Holders [Worldprocessor #294]
This globe represents half of all patents in the US - those registered to foreign holders. Countries with more than 1000 patents registered in the US are indicated by name, with the point size of the representative text scaled according to the square root of the total number of US patents held. Were the number of domestically held US patents to be indicated according to this logic, the entire surface of the globe would be covered. Special thanks to John Burgoon, Monika Zhu, and Stephen Oh © 2006 Ingo Gunther

Patterns of Patents & Zones of Invention [Worldprocessor #286]
This globe plots the total amount of patents granted worldwide, beginning in 1883 with just under 50,000, hitting 650,000 in 1993 (near the North Pole), and (shifting the scale to the southern hemisphere) continuing to 2002 on a rapid climb towards 1 million. Geographic regions where countries offer environments conducive to fostering innovation are represented by topology. Additionally, nations where residents are granted an average of 500 or more US patents per year are called out in red by their respective averages in the years after 2000. © 2005 Ingo Gunther

Shape of Science
This rendering is of a prospective tangible sculpture of the Shape of Science, based on the research of Richard Klavans and Kevin Boyack, spatializing the quantified connectivities and relative flows of inquiry within the world of science. © 2006 Ingo Gunther w/ Stephen Oh

Illuminated Diagram Display

The illuminated diagram maps and installations were created by Kevin W. Boyack (scientometrics and data shaping), John Burgoon (geographic mapmaking), Peter Kennard (system design and programming), Richard Klavans (scientometrics and node layout), W. Bradford Paley (typography, graphics, and interaction design); data courtesy of Thomson ISI; images © 2006.
W. Bradford Paley, all rights reserved.

Topic Map

The word "science" covers a huge diversity of topics: from mathematics and astronomy to medicine, even to certain approaches to the humanities. This map begins to show how distinct areas of study are defined and how they are related.

Seven hundred seventy-six nodes are distributed around a generally ring-like structure. They represent scientific topics, more properly called paradigms, and are essentially groups of recently published papers. Each node represents tens or thousands of papers; this map was created by scrutinizing more than 1.3 million of them.

The writers of scientific papers are careful to reveal all the work they build on, so we can think of each paper's author as a micro-librarian: gathering all the other papers relevant to his or her topic. In this map we put two papers in the same node if four authors gathered them into a later paper. Nodes are labeled with the unique terms that occur most often in the papers, provided those terms can be understood in a wider context. Thus you can read the actual language used by the scientists exploring each topic.

The curving links between nodes show how topics are related: the more strongly two topics are related, the darker that link is drawn. Links curve to make them easier to follow with the eye. We show 4,370 links here, leaving thousands of fainter ones undrawn.

The circular structure is no accident, nor is it arbitrarily imposed on the data; it comes from the structure of science itself. If you imagine that every link is a rubber band (stronger when it's darker), and every node has a small force field around it, pushing away nearby nodes, this dynamic balance of forces automatically creates the layout. Thus we can see that Physics (at approximately 1:00) relates through Astrophysics to Astronomy (around 12:30), but it also relates to Chemistry (more toward 2:00). And the jutting peninsula of Organic Chemistry at 3:00 has unexpectedly few connections to the thicket of Medicine, spread from 5:30 to 7:00. Instead, it connects to Medicine through Analytical Chemistry: the tool base of applied chemistry actually used in medicine, which studies techniques like Spectroscopy and Proteomics (the large node at the base of the peninsula).

Geographic Map

Here we have arranged the same papers on a more familiar map. Each tiny glyph on the map represents not cities, but a number of papers that have an author in that location. In the field of Information Visualization there is an expectation that if you show the same data in two different views you can get a better feel for it, much as an architect will look at both floor plan and elevations to understand a building. But how can we tell where in the world papers in one topic node were published? Or what topics are studied in a specific geographic location? We simply paint them to look the same in both views. The InfoVis technique called "brushing and linking" lets you do exactly that. Paint a location (by brushing your finger over an area on the lectern's touchscreen) and it will glow on the geographic map. Since the views are linked by the computer, it can paint topics studied in that area on the topic map: the brighter a topic glows, the more papers on that topic originated in your brushed area. Conversely, touching a topic node will tell you where in the world that topic is studied. We use a display technique called "Illuminated Diagrams" to add the flexibility of an interactive program to the incredibly high data density of a print.

This technique is generally useful when there is too much pertinent data to be displayed on a screen but the data is relatively stable. The computer can direct the eye to what's important by using projectors as smart spotlights, animating stories in the static data (such as the spread of an idea's influence), giving a radar-like "grand tour" of science, or highlighting query results (as when you touch the lectern) with an overlay of moving light.

Hands-On Science Maps for Kids

The puzzle maps were created by Fileve Palmer (painting), Julie Smith (data acquisition), Elisha Hardy and Katy Börner (graphic design).
We would like to thank Stephen Miles Uzzo, Director of Technology and Michael Lane, Director of Exhibit Services at the New York Hall of Science for manufacturing the physical maps.

They invite children to see, explore, and understand science from above. One map shows our world and the places where science gets done. The other shows major areas of science and their complex interrelationships. Both maps also appear in the Illuminated Diagram display, see above. Drawings by Fileve Palmer were added to make different continents as well as different areas of science more tangible. Children and adults alike are invited to help solve the puzzle by sliding major scientists, inventors, and inventions into their proper places. Start by selecting either of the two maps. Decide if you want to place famous people or major inventions first. Turn the map over when you are done and start again. Look for the many hints hidden in the drawings to find the perfect place for each puzzle piece. Click on the map below and learn about scientists, inventors, and the history of their inventions. Pick-up one of the handouts and make your very own map of science. What science experiments do you like best? Where would your favorite science teachers go? What area of science do you want to explore next?

Download the Kids Contest Flyer.
Download the Learning Objective for the exhibit.
Download the Clue Sheet for the Hands on Maps of for Kids.
View more information about the Hands-on Maps for Kids.




Lectures and Events

Tuesday, September 18th, 2007, Eugene Garfield: Community Lecture: 7:00 PM, AMSE Auditorium - Free Admission

Dr. Eugene Garfield, Chairman Emeritus of Thomson Scientific, will present "On the Shoulders of Giants –tracing the impacts of information retrieval systems on science policy." Reception with refreshments to follow. This lecture is co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), within the Office of Science, and the Friends of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (FORNL). Reception hosted by Information International Associates, Inc., NCI Information Systems, Inc., and Deep Web Technologies.

Garfield Bio
Dr. Eugene Garfield is Chairman Emeritus of Thomson Scientific, formerly the Institute for Scientific information®. A pioneer in information retrieval systems and inventor of Current Contents (1958), Index Chemicus (1960), Science Citation Index (1964), SSCI (1970), and AHCI (1975), he is an eclectic science communicator and founding publisher/editor of The Scientist, and author of over 1,000 articles and books. Dr. Garfield serves on the editorial boards of Scientometrics and the Journal of Information Science, and is past president of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. He received a BS in Chemistry and an MS in Library Science from Columbia University, and a Ph.D. in Structural Linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania, where he serves on the Board of Overseers of the Library. Dr. Garfield has lectured widely throughout the world.


Thursday, January 3rd, 2008, Katy Börner: Mapping Science Talk and Tour, 11:00 AM, AMSE Auditorium - Free Admission

Are you interested in seeing science from above? Curious to see what impact one single person or invention can have? Keen to find pockets of innovation? Desperate for better tools to manage the information flood? Or are you simply fascinated by maps? Then visit the AMSE on Jan 3rd, 2008 for a talk on "Mapping Science" at 11am and tour of the "Places & Spaces: Mapping Science" exhibit at 11:30am by Dr. Katy Borner.

Dr. Katy Börner is Victor H. Yngve Associate Professor of Information Science, Director of the Information Visualization Lab, and Director of the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, Adjunct Associate Professor of Informatics, Core Faculty Member of Cognitive Science, and Research Affiliate of the Biocomplexity Institute at Indiana University, Bloomington. Her web page is at http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~katy/.

OSTI: Celebrating 60 Years

OSTI ensures that the findings from research and development are shared so that science can advance. OSTI works to speed the sharing of knowledge to accelerate the pace of discovery. OSTI will celebrate 60 years of advancing science with a special poster exhibit: Mapping Dark Matter in Astrophysics from the Department of Energy Research & Development Results, in conjunction with the Places & Spaces exhibit at AMSE.

Acknowledgements

Places & Spaces is curated by Dr. Katy Börner and Julie Smith, School of Library and Information Science at Indiana University. Places & Spaces also receives input from the Advisory Board listed on the website. Ken Mayes, Deputy Director for AMSE, is the adviser for the exhibit.

Places & Spaces at AMSE is sponsored by National Science Foundation awards IIS-0238261 and CHE-0524661; Thomson Scientific; the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, University Information Technology Services, and the School of Library and Information Science, all three at Indiana University. Much of the data used to generate the science maps is from Thomson Scientific.

Local Oak Ridge Tennessee Sponsors Include:
The American Museum of Science and Energy, The Oak Ridger, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), within the Office of Science, Information International Associates, Inc., NCI Information Systems, Inc., Deep Web Technologies, and the Friends of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (FORNL).

Reading List