{"items": [{"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-12-05T14:38:51.575701", "description": "The Illuminated Diagram of Science Map features research and science map layout by Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans, data preparation by Chin Hua Kong and Nianli Ma, layout and design created by Michael J. Stamper and Katy B\u00f6rner, and programming provided by Jagannathan Lakshmipathy and David M. Reagan. The original design and programming were created by W. Bradford Paley and Peter Kennard. As the map illustrates, the word \u201cscience\u201d covers a huge diversity of topics: from mathematics and astronomy to medicine, and even to certain approaches to the humanities. This map begins to show how distinct areas of study are defined and related, and what research is performed in which areas. The science base map was created using more than 7.5 million papers published in 16,000 separate journals between 2001 and 2005 in Thomson Reuters\u2019 Web of Science and Elsevier\u2019s Scopus databases. Exactly 554 subdisciplines of science\u2014groups of journals\u2014and their interrelations were identified and placed on the surface of a sphere. The spherical layout was then flattened using a Mercator projection to create a two-dimensional version of the map. Disciplines are further aggregated into 13 broad disciplines that are color-coded and labeled. Overlaid on this map are five million paper records from MEDLINE published in mostly biomedical areas between 2000 and 2009 associated with 554 subdisciplines based on the titles of the journals in which they appear. People and topic buttons support the exploration of publication output by specific individuals and certain lines of research. The keyboard supports retrieval and display of papers based on their Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and MeSH qualifier terms. ", "reference": "", "creator": [], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Illuminated Diagram of Science Map: How Scientific Disciplines Relate", "url": "/maps/map/illuminated_diagram__134/", "created": 2011, "label": "Illuminated Diagram of Science Map: How Scientific Disciplines Relate", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/scimap_for_scimapweb_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-12-05T14:15:44.352509", "description": "The Illuminated Diagram of Geographic Map features research and node layout by Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans, data preparation by Chin Hua Kong and Nianli Ma, layout and design created by Michael J. Stamper and Katy B\u00f6rner, and programming provided by Jagannathan Lakshmipathy and David M. Reagan. The original design, cartography, and programming were created by W. Bradford Paley, John Burgoon, and Peter Kennard. The map uses a combination of high-resolution print and interactive projection to show the many places on Earth where research is performed. The more papers are published, the brighter the illumination of this area. The map uses an Eckert III projection to create a two-dimensional base reference system of the whole world. Overlaid on this map are five million paper records from MEDLINE published between 2000 and 2009, categorized into 554 subdisciplines of science based on the titles of the journals in which they appear. Papers are aggregated into more than 32,000 cities. A city is highlighted if the first author of a paper is in that location. Select any location on the Geographic Map (by brushing your finger over an area on the lectern\u2019s touch screen) and topics studied in that area will be highlighted on the Science Map: the brighter a topic glows, the more papers on that topic originated in the selected area. Conversely, touching a scientific area in the Science Map illuminates places on the Geographic Map where that topic is studied. People and topic buttons support the exploration of publication output by specific individuals and particular lines of research. The keyboard supports retrieval and display of papers based on their Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and MeSH qualifier terms.", "reference": "", "creator": [], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Illuminated Diagram of Geographic Map: Where Science Gets Done", "url": "/maps/map/illuminated_diagram__133/", "created": 2011, "label": "Illuminated Diagram of Geographic Map: Where Science Gets Done", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/geomap_for_scimapweb_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T12:19:10.251814", "description": "Ward Shelley is an artist identified with the Williamsburg scene in Brooklyn, New York. His work includes a series of diagrammatic paintings and graphical chronologies that illustrate the interweaving of historical narratives about art and culture. This map plots the science fiction literary genre from its nascent roots in mythology and fantastic stories to the somewhat calcified post-Star Wars space opera epics of today. Rather than a narrative emerging out of the data, here the narrative structure precedes and organizes the data: the movement of years is from left to right across the grid that represents time, distorted and reconfigured into the form of a bug-eyed monster whose tentacles are like trace roots to pre-historical sources and whose body is the corpus of Sci-Fi literature. Science Fiction is seen as the offspring of the collision of the Enlightenment (providing science) and Romanticism, which birthed gothic fiction, source not only of Sci-Fi, but also of crime novels, horror, westerns, and fantasy (all of which can be seen exiting through wormholes to their own diagrams, elsewhere). Science fiction progressed through a number of distinct periods, which are charted, citing hundreds of the most important works and authors, and which includes film and television as well. ", "reference": "Shelley, Ward. 2011. History of Science Fiction. Courtesy of Ward Shelley Studio. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.", "creator": ["Ward Shelley"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "History of Science Fiction", "url": "/maps/map/history_of_science_f_132/", "created": 2011, "label": "History of Science Fiction", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/010_science_fiction_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T11:30:57.839446", "description": "Moritz Stefaner works as a freelance designer on the crossroads of data visualization, information aesthetics, and user interface design. This visualization depicts the classification taxonomy developed and used in the MACE project (http://portal.mace-project.eu), which aims at providing better access to digital resources for teaching and learning about architecture. It shows a bird\u2019s-eye view of the hierarchical structure of over 2,800 terms for tagging resources. Most of the terms exist in English, Spanish, German, Italian, and Dutch. Starting from the most general term placed at the center, each path to the outside represents one \u201croute of specialization.\u201d Circle overlays indicate the number of associated resources for each concept, providing hints about the usage patterns of the taxonomy. For the subject matter experts in the project, visualizations like these have shown to be useful for quality control and iterative refinements of the taxonomy. For end users, an interactive version of the diagram is available on the MACE portal (http://portal.mace-project.eu/BrowseByClassification), which allows one to search and browse thousands of resources in an interactive visual refinement process. ", "reference": " Wolpers, Martin, Martin Memmel, and Moritz Stefaner. 2010. \u201cSupporting Architecture Education Using the MACE System.\u201d International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 2 (\u00bd): 132-144.

Stefaner, Moritz. 2011. MACE Classification Tree. Courtesy of Moritz, Stefaner. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Moritz Stefaner"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "MACE Classification Taxonomy", "url": "/maps/map/mace_classification__131/", "created": 2011, "label": "MACE Classification Taxonomy", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/009_MACE_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T11:18:39.372035", "description": "Jenn Riley, Head of the Carolina Digital Library and Archives at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, compiled a database of metadata standards in the cultural heritage sector together with their interrelationships. Devin Becker, Digital Initiatives and Scholarly Communications Librarian at the University of Idaho, plotted the 105 most heavily used or publicized standards in an attempt to assist planners with the selection and implementation of metadata standards. The resulting visualization of the metadata landscape uses a combination of world map and pie chart layouts, organizing the metadata standards into four hemispheric axes\u2014community, domain, function, and purpose\u2014and then more specifically by category via the pie charts' slivers. The strength of a standard in a given category is determined by a mixture of its adoption in that category, its design intent, and its overall appropriateness for use in that category. The concept of stars is used literally and figuratively to highlight those metadata standards that are the \"star\" standards in the cultural heritage communities. Mixed metaphors help users reinforce different relationships between the standards and their uses, and they might help assuage the bewilderment one might have in confronting all \r\nthese standards. ", "reference": "Digital Preservation Newsletter. News & Events \u2013 Putting Metadata on the Map (Library of Congress). Accessed September 5, 2011. http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/news/2010/20100726news_article_infographic.html.

Becker, Devin and Jenn L. Riley. 2010. Seeing Standards: A Visualization of the Metadata Universe. Courtesy of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and University of Idaho. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Devin Becker", "Jenn Riley"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Seeing Standards: A Visualization of the Metadata Universe", "url": "/maps/map/seeing_standards_a_v_130/", "created": 2010, "label": "Seeing Standards: A Visualization of the Metadata Universe", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/008_metadata_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T11:04:22.375619", "description": "Maximilian Schich is an art historian working as DFG Visiting Research Scientist at the Barab\u00e1siLab\u2014Center for Complex Network Research at Northeastern University in Boston, where he collaborates with network scientists, studying complex networks in art history and archaeology. This map presents a comprehensive picture of an entire scholarly database\u2014the Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance. The map goes beyond the theoretic debates of database standards, formats, and software by depicting the actual configuration of existing data. Focusing on the connectivity of database entries, the map improves oversimplified\u2014and, therefore, often wrong\u2014indicators of data quality such as the raw number of records. Annotations in the map highlight a multitude of valuable insights that scholars can use to guide data access, management, and research. Similar maps can be produced for relational databases or linked open data in any domain. This map was created just before the transition from a graph database system (http://www.dyabola.de) to a more traditional relational database format (http://www.census.de), allowing for comparison of the historic state with future achievements.", "reference": "Schich, Maximilian. 2010. \u201cRevealing Matrices.\u201d In Beautiful Visualization: Looking at Data Through the Eyes of Experts, edited by Julie Steele and Noah Lilinsky, 227-254. Sebastopol, CA: O\u2018Reilly.

Schich, Maximilian. 2011. The Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance, 1947-2005. Courtesy of Maximilian Schich. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Maximilian Schich"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "The Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance 1947-2005", "url": "/maps/map/the_census_of_antiqu_129/", "created": 2011, "label": "The Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance 1947-2005", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/007_census_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T10:47:09.362545", "description": "Olivier H. Beauchesne is a research analyst at Science-Metrix, Inc., a science and technology evaluation firm where he studies complex data visualization, social media analysis, public opinion, and where he also programs interactive data visualization tools. The map shown here visualizes the localized stream of collaborations between researchers in different cities that are usually represented in a very symbolic or schematized way, aggregated at the country level. Elsevier\u2019s Scopus was used to compute the number of all collaborations between city pairs from 2005 to 2009. The city names were then converted to geographic coordinates and projected on a plane using a Great Ellipse tracing algorithm that computes the shortest path between two points on Earth. Key aspects of the international science system can be rapidly gleaned from this visualization, such as the fact that Africa and South America collaborate often with the countries that had formerly colonized them. Most impressive is the density of collaborations within Europe and, to a lesser extent, within North America. This shows the impact of population density and highlights the need to examine collaboration data within, not just between countries.", "reference": "Beauchesne, Olivier H. Map of Scientific Collaborations from 2005 to 2009. Accessed September 21, 2011. http://collabo.olihb.com/.

Butler, Paul. 2010. \u201cVisualizing Friendships.\u201d Facebook. Accessed September 21, 2011. http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=469716398919.

Beauchesne, Olivier H. 2011. Stream of Scientific Collaborations between World Cities. Courtesy of Science-Metrix, Inc. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Olivier H. Beauchesne"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Stream of Scientific Collaborations between World Cities", "url": "/maps/map/stream_of_scientific_128/", "created": 2011, "label": "Stream of Scientific Collaborations between World Cities", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/006_collaborations_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T10:03:16.660823", "description": "Created by Alkim Almila Akdag Salah, an expert in the field of digital humanities and art history, Cheng Gao, a computer scientist and scientific programmer, Krzysztof Suchecki, a specialist in complex networks and sociophysics, and Andrea Scharnhorst, Head of Research at Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, this map shows the differences between the category structure of Wikipedia and the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) system. Shown on the left is the main tree structure of Wikipedia categories (top four levels). Given on the right is the UDC structure as a tree (all nine levels) of this widely used library classification system. The donut chart and bar chart in the middle show the alignment of the nine UDC main classes to the 43 main topic categories used by Wikipedia. All four visualizations use the same color-coding, making it possible to explore the dominance, distribution, and interrelations of topics. The work aims to increase our understanding of how knowledge maps differ when they are created socially (Wikipedia) as opposed to when they are created formally (UDC) using classification theory.", "reference": "Salah, Alkim Almila Akdag, Cheng Gao, Andrea Scharnhorst, and Krzysztof Suchecki. 2011. \u201cNeed to Categorize: A Comparative Look at the Categories of Universal Decimal Classification System and Wikipedia.\u201d Arxiv. Online at http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.5912v1.

Salah, Alkim Almila Akdag, Cheng Gao, Andrea Scharnhorst, and Krzysztof Suchecki. 2011. Design vs. Emergence: Visualisation of Knowledge Orders. Courtesy of The Knowledge Space Lab\u2014A Project of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org

", "creator": ["Almila Akdag Salah", "Cheng Gao", "Krzysztof Suchecki", "Andrea Scharnhorst"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Design vs. Emergence, Visualization of Knowledge Orders", "url": "/maps/map/design_vs_emergence__127/", "created": 2011, "label": "Design vs. Emergence, Visualization of Knowledge Orders", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/005_ucd_wiki_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T09:46:49.608647", "description": "Rex Robison is an information scientist at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Library in Bethesda, Maryland. Robison\u2019s work addresses the following problem: while scientific literature is growing exponentially, and electronic databases make it easier for researchers to find the relevant literature, many researchers continue to use just one database. This map indicates what is potentially missed by the single-database approach when applied to a particular topic\u2014in this case, the developmental disorder of autism. Four bibliographic databases were searched, and each retrieved publication was tagged and colored according to which databases contained it. While many publications are held by multiple databases, no single database has all the literature on a topic. Each database is unique in terms of journals included, years covered, and publication types. The differences are more pronounced with databases that go beyond journal articles to include conference proceedings, dissertations, and books. Moreover, even if the databases include the same contents, the search tools for each database perform differently, such as whether they automatically look for variants of the user's search terms. For a comprehensive search, multiple databases that complement each other's strengths need to be used. ", "reference": "Robison, Rex. 2009. Finding Research Literature on Autism. Courtesy of National Institutes of Health Library. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org ", "creator": ["Rex Robison"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Finding Research Literature on Autism", "url": "/maps/map/finding_research_lit_126/", "created": 2009, "label": "Finding Research Literature on Autism", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/004_autism_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-29T09:36:57.875064", "description": "Few books can claim to have been as thoroughly analyzed as the Bible. For millennia, scholars from many religions have pored over the text, extracting meaning and guidance from its pages. Following in this long tradition, Chris Harrison, a Ph.D. student in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, and Christoph R\u00f6mhild, a Lutheran pastor, collaborated to create a multi-colored arc diagram of cross-references found in the Lutheran Bible. In this visualization, information found on thousands of pages of text is collapsed into a visual overview. The bar graph that runs along the bottom represents all of the chapters in the Bible. Chapters alternate in color between white and light grey. The length of each bar denotes the number of verses in the chapter. Each one of the 63,779 cross-references found in the Bible is depicted by a single arc\u2014the color corresponds to the distance between the two chapters, creating a rainbow-like effect. More information can be found at http://chrisharrison.net/projects/bibleviz. ", "reference": "Harrison, Chris and Christoph R\u00f6mhild. 2008. Visualizing Bible Cross-References. Courtesy of Chris Harrison and Christoph R\u00f6mhild. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org ", "creator": ["Chris Harrison", "Pastor Christoph R\u00f6mhild"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Visualizing Bible Cross-References", "url": "/maps/map/visualizing_bible_cr_125/", "created": 2008, "label": "Visualizing Bible Cross-References", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/003_bible_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-26T13:40:04.246451", "description": "Harold Johann Thomas (H.J.T.) Ellingham was a professor of chemistry at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London and a member of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. In 1948, he produced a hand-drawn map showing the relationships between the branches of natural science and technology. The work is premised on the distance-similarity metaphor, in which objects more similar to each other are more proximate in space. Additional relationships are indicated by the direction of the labels. Ellingham\u2019s map is one of the earliest known examples of a visual frontend to a body of literature. Ellingham overlies the coverage of each of the available index and abstracting services in the United Kingdom onto the chart to indicate which areas of science the indexes covered. Overlay 1 features broad index and abstract services that cover large areas of science. Overlay 2 features more focused index and abstract services that cover specific areas of scientific research. Ellingham also intended that his two-dimensional map should be wrapped as if around a cylinder to show the continued relationships of topics on the extreme left side with those on the extreme right side. ", "reference": "Ellingham, H. J. T. 1948. \u201cDivisions of Natural Science and Technology.\u201d In Report and Papers Submitted to The Royal Society Scientific Information Conference. London: Burlington House.

Ellingham, H. J. T. 1948. A Chart Illustrating Some of the Relations Between the Branches of Natural Science and Technology. Courtesy of The Royal Society. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["H.J.T. Ellingham"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "A Chart Illustrating Some of the Relations between the Branches of Natural Science and Technology", "url": "/maps/map/a_chart_illustrating_124/", "created": 1948, "label": "A Chart Illustrating Some of the Relations between the Branches of Natural Science and Technology", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/002_ellingham_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2011-08-26T12:57:08.891845", "description": "Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (1868-1944), a Belgian lawyer and internationalist, worked his whole life on the institutionalization of knowledge production and dissemination. In 1895, he and Henri La Fontaine created the International Institute of Bibliography in Brussels to support the elaboration of a universal bibliographic catalogue and related collections of images and documentary files. In 1910, they brought together collections in the Palais Mondial in Brussels with the idea to develop it into a global knowledge institution, comprising a World Museum, World Library, World University, etc.: The Mundaneum. Otlet envisioned Mundaneums in various cities over the world and a large network of local, regional, and national centers of knowledge production: Species Mundaneum. The Mondoth\u00e8que was one link in this hierarchical network. Otlet designed the Mondoth\u00e8que as a work station to be used at home to engage people in the production and dissemination of knowledge. It contained reference works, catalogues, multimedia substitutes for traditional books such as microfilm, TV, radio, and finally a new form of encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Universalis Mundaneum comprising reproducible \u201catlases\u201d involving charts, posters, and other illustrative materials. The Mondoth\u00e8que may be thought of as an analogue representation of today's ubiquitous computer-based digital functionalities.", "reference": "Rayward, W. Boyd. 2010. \"Paul Otlet: Encyclop\u00e9diste, Internationaliste, Belge.\" In Paul Otlet, (1868-1944) Fondateur du Mondaneum: Architect du savoir, Artisan de paix, edited by Jacques Gillen, 15-50. Bruxelles: Editions nouvelles.

Rayward, W. Boyd. 1975. The Universe of Information: The Work of Paul Otlet for Documentation and International Organisation. Moscow: FID \u2013VINITI.

Rayward, W. Boyd. 1990. \u201cInternational Organisation and Dissemination of Knowledge.\u201d In Selected Essays of Paul Otlet, translated and edited with an introduction by W. Boyd Rayward, FID 684. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Heuvel, Charles van den. 2008. \u201cBuilding Society, Constructing Knowledge, Weaving the Web: Otlet\u2019s Visualizations of a Global Information Society and His Concept of a Universal Civilization.\u201d In European Modernism and the Information Society, edited by W. B. Rayward, 127-153. London: Ashgate Publishers.

Heuvel, Charles van den. 2009. \u201cWeb 2.0 and the Semantic Web in Research from a Historical Perspective: The Designs of Paul Otlet (1868-1944) for Telecommunication and Machine Readable Documentation to Organize Research and Society.\u201d Knowledge Organization 36 (4): 214-226.

Otlet, Paul. 1936. Mondoth\u00e8que: A Multi-Media Work Station Connected to a Paper Internet. Courtesy of Mundaneum. In \u201c7th Iteration (2010): Science Maps as Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Michael J. Stamper. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Mondoth\u00e8que. Multimedia Desk in a Global Internet", "url": "/maps/map/mondoth%C3%A8que_multimed_123/", "created": 1936, "label": "Mondoth\u00e8que. Multimedia Desk in a Global Internet", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/001_mondotheque_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-22T08:33:18.358648", "description": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. unemployment rate rose to 9.8% in September 2009 from 9.7% in August 2009. Academia, industry, and government were all affected. Many universities cut staff lines, reduced salaries by up to 20%, or implemented hiring freezes. Students that graduate this year or postdocs that are interested in moving on will face fierce competition for few jobs. Understanding the job market is an essential element of both informed career choices and science policy making. This map by information scientists Angela M. Zoss and Katy B\u00f6rner aims to capture general trends over time together with specific jobs currently available. The timelines show both negative indicators, those that decline when the nation is healthy, and positive indicators, those that improve. The section entitled \u2018Where are the jobs?\u2019 shows jobs based on geographic location, while the second section entitled \u2018What jobs exist?\u2019 gives job information based on scientific discipline. The online version supports panning and zooming, with area labeling adjusted to different zoom levels for both maps. When users select a geographic location or science area, a list of relevant jobs is shown. Clicking on a job title brings up detailed information about how to apply for the job. To explore the landscape of jobs in science and technology, visit http://mapjobs.cns.iu.edu.", "reference": "Zoss, Angela, Michael D. Conover, and Katy B\u00f6rner. 2010. \u201cWhere Are the Academic Jobs? Interactive Exploration of Job Advertisements in Geospatial and Topical Space.\u201d In Advances in Social Computing: Third International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral Modeling and Prediction, edited by Sun-Ki Chai, John Salerno, and Patricia L. Mabry, 238-247. Bethesda, MD: Springer.

Zoss, Angela and Katy B\u00f6rner. 2010. U.S. Job Market: Where are the Academic Jobs? Courtesy of Indiana University. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Angela Zoss", "Katy B\u00f6rner"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "U.S. Job Market: Where are the Academic Jobs?", "url": "/maps/map/us_job_market_where__122/", "created": 2010, "label": "U.S. Job Market: Where are the Academic Jobs?", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/job_market_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-22T08:22:20.454628", "description": "Sociologist and cyberneticist Loet Leydesdorff\u2019s map shows the relatively rare event that multiple scientific specialties merge to form a new area of science, here Nanoscience and Technology. Using aggregated citations among journals obtained from Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of the Science Citation Index Expanded, the evolution of nanoscience and nanotechnology is animated for 1998-2003. During the late 1990s, journals in the field of applied physics increasingly cite Nanotechology. Thereafter, chemistry journals begin to publish relevant works. In 2000, Science plays a crucial role in the reorganization of (inter)disciplinary relations among relevant journals. Shortly thereafter, Nanotechnology, as a specialist journal, takes over the lead from Science. New journals emerge in the subsequent years, among them Nano Letters, published by the influential American Chemical Society since 2001. As could be expected, this latter journal takes the lead in terms of the number of citations it attracts and its impact factor. While the multidisciplinary journal Science continues to impact the fine-grained citation environment of the new scientific area, the journal Nanotechnology loses its catalyzing function at the interface of applied physics and physical chemistry. ", "reference": "Leydesdorff, Loet, and Thomas Schank. 2008. \u201cDynamic Animations of Journal Maps: Indicators of Structural Change and Interdisciplinary Developments.\u201d Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 (11): 1810-1818.

Leydesdorff, Loet. 2010. The Emergence of Nanoscience & Technology. Courtesy of Loet Leydesdorff, Thomas Schank, and the Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Loet Leydesdorff"], "nifty_fact": "Designed by Michael J. Stamper at the Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center", "category": "Concept", "title": "The Emergence of Nanoscience & Technology", "url": "/maps/map/the_emergence_of_nan_121/", "created": 2010, "label": "The Emergence of Nanoscience & Technology", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/nanotech_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T15:49:20.682154", "description": "The Atlas of Research is a social web application that supports the creation and mapping of personal bio-bibliographic databases. Users can enter five types of data: texts, people, projects, events, their relationships, as well as personal comments. The result is a complex social and knowledge network that can be visualized as timelines, co-author maps, or topic landscapes. Shown here are four maps by communication design researcher Marco Quaggiotto of knowledge cartography research: an \u2018Author-Topic Map\u2019 that shows the network of key scholars and their research topics (left); a \u2018Geographic Map\u2019 that indicates where research on knowledge cartography is performed (upper right); a \u2018Timeline\u2019 of authors and publications where authors\u2019 life spans are represented by horizontal lines, while publications and conferences are represented by icons (middle right); and a \u2018Thematic Map of Disciplines\u2019 contributing to this research (lower right). Each of the maps presents a partial and specific view of the knowledge space, presenting different aspects of the same reality. The Atlas acts as a container that holds together the wealth of information gathered, selected, filtered, prepared, screened, and symbolized by the system. Explore the Atlas at http://knowledgecartography.org.", "reference": "Quaggiotto, Marco. 2010. This is Knowledge Cartography. Accessed September 30, 2010. http://www.knowledgecartography.org.

Quaggiotto, Marco. 2008. Knowledge Cartography. Courtesy of the Department of Industrial Design, Art, Communication and Fashion (INDACO), Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and Complex Networks and Systems group, ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Marco Quaggiotto"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Knowledge Cartography", "url": "/maps/map/knowledge_cartograph_120/", "created": 2008, "label": "Knowledge Cartography", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/knowledge_cartography_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T15:38:34.704325", "description": "Richard Klavans and Kevin W. Boyack share a deep interest in the mapping of science as a platform for planning and evaluation on the national, corporate, and personal levels. This map represents science as a set of fabrics in which scientific topics are woven by scholars over time. Just as a textile contains a perpendicular weaving of threads, this representation of the fabric of science consists of a perpendicular weave, with horizontal threads (temporal sequences of topics) and vertical weaving of those topics by leading researchers. Five annual models of science were created using Scopus data. Topics from these five annual models were linked in time to form the horizontal threads. Leading researchers publish in multiple threads, thus weaving them together into micro-fabrics. Overlaps in leadership between multiple researchers stitch the micro-fabrics into larger fabrics. This poster shows the fabrics of science in two areas: \u2018Cardiology\u2019 and \u2018Data Security.\u2019 Fabrics can help scientists see the evolution and linkage of topic space and distinguish thread builders from weavers. The fabric of science can help researchers to understand and discover ways to change their strategic positions in science. ", "reference": "Boyack, Kevin W., and Richard Klavans. 2010. Weaving the Fabric of Science. Courtesy of Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans, SciTech Strategies, Inc. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Weaving the Fabric of Science", "url": "/maps/map/weaving_the_fabric_o_119/", "created": 2010, "label": "Weaving the Fabric of Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/weaving_science_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T15:11:32.132510", "description": "The Literary Empires map was created by information scientist John A. Walsh, graduate students Devin Becker, Bradford Demarest, Jonathan Tweedy, Theodora Michaelidou, and graphic designer Laura Pence. It is based on a small sampling of poems by Victorian poets Robert Browning and Algernon Charles Swinburne. As shown in the map, literary works often have an identifiable setting in both time and space. Many Victorians, for instance, were fascinated by classical Greece and medieval Europe, and Victorian writers provide a rich variety of representations of the classical and medieval worlds. Of the total works from any given period, or among a defined set of authors or texts, how many have classical, medieval, biblical, or contemporary settings? The data can answer these questions and trigger other insights into literary history. This map shows the distribution of literary settings across time and space, together with networks of works sharing common settings. Interesting observations may be made. For instance, one finds clusters of poems and gaps in the timeline and concentrations of poems in Italy, Greece, and the Holy Land. A dynamic map and timeline are at http://purl.oclc.org/swinburnearchive/acsvis.", "reference": "Quin, Edward. 1830. A.D. 337. At The Death of Constantine. London, England. Courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, Cartography Associates, San Francisco.

The Swinburne Project. 2011. http://swinburneproject.org. September 7, 2011.

Walsh, John A., David Becker, Bradford Demarest, Theodora Michaelidou, Laura Pence, and Jonathan Tweedy. Literary Empires: Mapping Temporal and Spatial Settings of Victorian Poetry. Courtesy of Indiana University, with content provided by the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Theodora Michaelidou", "Bradford Demarest", "Devin Becker", "Laura Pence", "Jonathan Tweedy", "John A. Walsh"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Literary Empires: Mapping Temporal and Spatial Settings of Victorian Poetry", "url": "/maps/map/literary_empires_map_118/", "created": 2010, "label": "Literary Empires: Mapping Temporal and Spatial Settings of Victorian Poetry", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/lit_empires_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T14:58:36.877704", "description": "The Ars Electronica Festival, held since 1979, is one of the oldest and most prestigious festivals of electronic and new media art. The Festival\u2019s archive makes it possible to render the formation and canonization of the young art discipline. This examination of the archive by media artist Dietmer Offenhuber, information designer Moritz Stefaner, visualization consultant Evelyn M\u00fcnster, software developer and researcher Jaume Nualart, and systems analyst Gerhard Dirmoser follows a three-step process. The first step involves a quantitative analysis of the total body of 37,432 Prix Ars Electronica submissions. The analysis shows the trends of the various sub-genres of media art, national preferences for specific genres, and the temporal evolution of the categories. The second step focuses on the jury process of the competition: the role of the jurors and their social connections in a network analysis, as well as the terminologies used in the written jury statements. The map reveals a tight-knit community and highlights the interdisciplinary connections across the field of media art. Finally, an art-historical citation network investigates how winning projects resonate in the context of scholarly literature and popular publications. The visualizations reveal the difference between the official view of the festival and the actual state of artistic practice. ", "reference": "Yavuz, Mahir. 2009. Information Aesthetics. \u201cMapping the Archive: 30 Years of Ars Electronica Visualized in Huge Scale.\u201d Accessed September 21, 2011. http://infosthetics.com/.

Offenhuber, Dietmar. 2009. Prix Arts Electronica: Mapping the Archive. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://offenhuber.net/prix-ars-electronica-mapping-the-archive/.

Offenhuber, Dietmar, Evelyn M\u00fcnster, Moritz Stefaner, Gerhard Dirmoser, and Jaume Nualart. 2008. Mapping the Archive: Prix Ars Electronica. Courtesy of Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Media.Art.Research and Ars Electronica. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Dietmar Offenhuber", "Evelyn M\u00fcnster", "Moritz Stefaner", "Gerhard Dirmoser", "Jaume Nualart"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Mapping the Archive: Prix Ars Electronica", "url": "/maps/map/mapping_the_archive__117/", "created": 2008, "label": "Mapping the Archive: Prix Ars Electronica", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/arselectronica_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T14:48:05.365177", "description": "This map by web designer and developer George Shaw, data visualization researcher Philip James DeCamp, and cognitive scientist Deb Roy shows the experimental setup used to record the language development of Roy\u2019s son at home. Approximately 10 hours of high-fidelity audio and video were recorded on a daily basis from birth to age three. The resulting corpus contains over 100,000 hours of multi-track recordings and constitutes the most comprehensive record of a child\u2019s development made to date. New annotation, analysis, and visualization tools were developed to study and computationally model the early words uttered by the child by tracing back to the contexts in which those words were spoken to him by adults. As shown on the map, the results of this analysis comprise human movement traces, word birthplaces, and social networks. For most children, language development is steady, progressive, and, to a casual observer, effortless. But for some children\u2014those with developmental delays due to biological or environmental causes\u2014language is a major developmental hurdle. Understanding the regularities in home environments is essential to understanding mechanisms of language acquisition, causes of delay, and, ultimately, appropriate intervention procedures. ", "reference": "Roy, Deb, Philip DeCamp, Michael Fleischman, Peter Gorniak, Jethran Guinness, Rony Kubat, Michael Levit, Nikolaos Mavridis, Rupal Patel, Brandon Roy, Alexia Salata, and Stefanie Tellex. 2006. \u201cThe Human Speechome Project.\u201d In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Cognitive Science Conference. 2059-2064.

Cognitive Machines Group. Cognitive Machines. \u201cThe Human Speechome Project.\u201d Accessed September 21, 2011. http://www.media.mit.edu/cogmac/projects/hsp.html.

Shaw, George, Phillip Decamp, and Deb Roy. 2010. Human Speechome Project. Courtesy of Cognitive Machines Group, MIT Media Lab. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org

", "creator": ["George Shaw", "Phillip Decamp", "Deb Roy"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Human Speechome Project", "url": "/maps/map/speechome_116/", "created": 2010, "label": "Human Speechome Project", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/humanspeech_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T14:39:43.208893", "description": "The image on the left shows a dissection of a human brain, performed by Eugen Ludwig and Josef Klingler from post-mortem tissue. The dissection reveals major anatomical features of the brain, but it does not reveal the brain\u2019s connections. Shown on the right is a complete map of the major anatomical connections linking distinct regions of the cerebral cortex. The map was generated by biomedical engineer and neuroscientist Patric Hagmann in 2008 from magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from a living person. In its entirety, the brain consists of 1,011 neurons and 1,015 synaptic links, and the total wiring of the brain is estimated to span thousands of miles. The map in the middle shows the human connectome generated by computational cognitive neuroscientist Olaf Sporns using network science tools. Network analysis revealed robust small-world attributes, the existence of multiple modules interlinked by hub regions, and a structural core comprised of a set of brain regions that are highly interconnected. As multiple data sets from multiple participants were analyzed, it became clear that individual connectomes display unique structural features that might explain differences in cognition and behavior. ", "reference": "

Hagmann, Patric, Leila Cammoun, Xavier Gigandet, Reto Meuli, Christopher J. Honey, Van J. Wedeen, and Olaf Sporns. 2008. \u201cMapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex.\u201d PLoS Biology 6 (7): 1479-1493.

Sporns, Olaf. 2011. Networks of the Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Sporns, Olaf, and Patric Hagmann. 2008. The Human Connectome. Courtesy of Little, Brown and Company, Patric Hagmann, and Olaf Sporns. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Olaf Sporns", "Patric Hagmann"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "The Human Connectome", "url": "/maps/map/the_human_connectome_115/", "created": 2008, "label": "The Human Connectome", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/connectome_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T14:28:55.403904", "description": "This map by computer scientists Mathieu Bastian and Sebastien Heymann shows relationships between 1,284 disorders and 1,777 disease genes obtained from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. Diseases are represented by nodes, forming connections with other disease nodes where at least one gene with associated mutations is shared. Major properties of the networks are given on the top left. The top-five diseases and the top-five genes are listed underneath. The top gene is TP53, and it encodes the tumor protein p53 that regulates the cell cycle and functions as a suppressor for tumors such as cancer. The description provides information on how the network was laid out and what color and size coding is used. The map introduces network visualization to medical innovation, thereby improving our understanding of the interplay between the genotype, cellular networks, and disease phenotypes and supporting pharmaceutical development. Correlations in treatment efficacy mimicking the correlations in network nodes would significantly lower the time required to bring effective interventions to patients. The Diseasome website presents an interactive disease relationships explorer and links to documents and online databases at http://diseasome.eu. ", "reference": "Goh, Kwang-Il, Michael E. Cusick, David Valle, Barton Childs, Marc Vidal, and Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si. 2007. \"The Human Disease Network.\" PNAS 104 (21): 8685-8690.

Bastien, Mathieu and Sebastien Heymann. 2009. Diseasome. Courtesy of INIST-CNRS and Linkfluence. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Mathieu Bastien", "Sebastien Heymann"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Diseasome: The Human Disease Network", "url": "/maps/map/diseasome_114/", "created": 2009, "label": "Diseasome: The Human Disease Network", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/diseasome_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2010-12-21T12:50:42.958701", "description": "This map by computational biologist Peer Bork, oncologist Francesca Ciccarelli, and bioinformatics researchers Chris Creevey, Berend Snel, and Christian von Mering shows the global phylogeny of 191 species whose genomes have been fully sequenced. The green subtree presents \u2018Archaea,\u2019 a group of single-celled microorganisms. Given in red are \u2018Eukaryota\u2019\u2014organisms whose cells contain complex structures inside the membranes. \u2018Bacteria\u2019 are colored blue. Labels and color shadings indicate various frequently used subdivisions. The branch separating \u2018Eukaryota\u2019 and \u2018Archaea\u2019 from \u2018Bacteria\u2019 in this unrooted tree has been shortened for display purposes. The tree has its basis in a concatenation of 31 orthologs occurring in 191 species with sequenced genomes. It was constructed using an automatic procedure that generates a tree with branch lengths comparable across all three domains. The result revealed interdomain discrepancies in taxonomic classification. Systematic detection and subsequent exclusion of products of horizontal gene transfer increased phylogenetic resolution, allowing the confirmation of accepted relationships and the resolution of disputed and preliminary classifications. An interactive tree of life application is at http://itol.embl.de.", "reference": "Ciccarelli, Francesca, Tobias Doerks, Christian Von Mering, Christopher J. Creevey, Berend Snel, Peer Bork. 2006. \u201cToward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life.\u201d Science 311 (5765): 1283-1287.

Bork, Peer, Francesca Ciccarelli, Berend Snel, Christian von Mering, and Chris Creevey. 2006. Tree of Life. Courtesy of European Molecular Biology Laboratory. In \u201c6th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Scholars,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org

", "creator": ["Peer Bork", "Francesca Ciccarelli", "Berend Snel", "Dr. Christian von Mering", "Dr. Chris Creevey"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Tree of Life", "url": "/maps/map/tree_of_life_113/", "created": 2006, "label": "Tree of Life", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Tree_of_Life_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2010-07-20T08:24:29.001659", "description": "This visualization presents the results of an analysis of 428,440 movies from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) provided for the Graph Drawing 2005 contest. Simple statistics are presented as well as a tapestry of all movies with an overlay of the giant component of the co-actor network. Academy award winners are highlighted. Major insights are discussed. ", "reference": "Herr II, Bruce W., Ke, Weimao, Hardy, Elisha, and B\u00f6rner, Katy. (2007) Movies and Actors: Mapping the Internet Movie Database. In Conference Proceedings of 11th Annual Information Visualization International Conference (IV 2007), Zurich, Switzerland, July 4-6, pp. 465-469, IEEE Computer Society Conference Publishing Services.", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Weimao Ke", "Bruce W. Herr, II", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Movies and Actors", "url": "/maps/map/movies_and_actors_112/", "created": 2007, "label": "Movies and Actors", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/2007-herr-movieact-5_web_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-07-07T13:14:15.176467", "description": "

Bibsonomy (http://www.bibsonomy.org) is a web-based social resource sharing system hosted by the Knowledge and Data Engineering Group of the University of Kassel, Germany. BibSonomy lets users retrieve, tag, and share publication references encoded in BibTex as well as Web links.

\r\n\r\n

This poster provides an overview of sharing and tagging behavior in BibSonomy. A total of 268,584 publication references and 60,876 Web links compiled on Sept 29th, 2008 was analyzed. The pie chart on the top left shows the different entity types within the BibTex encoded publication data. About 50% of the total publication records are articles. Below are top-20 counts for journals, author institutions, publishers, and books.

\r\n\r\n

The figure in the center shows the distribution of BibTex article data across the different sciences. The visualization uses the \u2018UCSD Basemap of Science\u2019 created by Boyack and Klavans (2007).

\r\n\r\n

The UCSD basemap is based on 7.2 million papers and over 16,000 separate journals, proceedings, and series from Thomson Reuters\u2019 Web of Science and Elsevier\u2019s Scopus database over a five year period, 2001-2005.

\r\n\r\n

Bibliographic coupling using highly cited references and keywords was applied to determine the similarity of journals. The final layout step was done using the 3D Fruchterman-Rheingold algorithm in Pajek; the results were so close to spherical (i.e., no nodes were in the middle) that all nodes were given a unit distance from the \u2018center of mass\u2019, resulting in a spherical layout. To ease navigation and exploration, a Mercator projection was applied to convert the spherical layout into the 2-dimensional map. Dots represent groups of topically similar journals. Links denote strong bibliographic coupling relations. Major areas of science are color coded and labeled. As every node on the map represents a set of journals, scholarly entities can be overlaid based on matching of journal names.\r\nEighty percent of the articles in over 3,000 journals can be located on the map. Most of the papers are in the social sciences and there is a strong focus on brain research, math, physics, electrical engineering, and computer science. Node size represents the number of papers per node.

\r\n\r\n

On the right hand side are distributions in the data for records (meaning BibTeX entries and bookmarks), tags, articles, and users. The distribution of records by the number of tags they have is exponential, the distribution of articles by the number of authors they have is linear, and the distribution of users by the number of records they upload is exponential near the low end with a fuzzy power law tail. Each distribution is given with frequencies (blue diamonds) and ranks (pink squares). Exactly 24,831 records (only BibTeX entries; every bookmark has at least one tag) have zero tags while 230,363 have 1 and 75,421 have 2. The highest number of tags is 101.

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Most articles have 1-10 authors. The article with the most authors is \u201cThe sequence of the human genome\u201d with 285 authors.

\r\n\r\n

About 10% of users uploaded 95% (231,483) BibTex records. The top-3 most sharing users are user id 2518 (75,141 records), user id 2703\r\n(57,805 records), and user id 0 (46,281 records).

\r\n\r\n\r\n", "reference": "Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, Indiana University, Bloomington. 2009. Bibsonomy Anatomy. http://scimaps.org/maps/map/bibsonomy_anatomy_111/ (accessed 1/6/2010). ", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Russell J. Duhon", "Nianli Ma", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Bibsonomy Anatomy", "url": "/maps/map/bibsonomy_anatomy_111/", "created": 2009, "label": "Bibsonomy Anatomy", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Sunbelt-bib-lg_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-07-07T12:57:11.298525", "description": "This map highlights the research collaborations of the Chinese Academy of Sciences with locations in China and countries around the world. The research collaborations shown are co-authorship relationships. The large geographic map shows the research collaborations of all CAS institutes. Each smaller geographic map shows the research collaborations by the CAS researchers in one province-level administrative division. Collaborations between CAS researchers are not included in the data. On each map, locations are colored on a logarithmic scale by the number of collaborations from red to yellow. The darkest red is 3,395 collaborations by all of CAS with researchers in Beijing. Also, flow lines are drawn from the location of focus to all locations collaborated with. The width of the flow line is linearly proportional to the number of collaborations with the locations it goes to, with the smallest flow lines representing one collaboration and the largest representing differing amounts on each geographic map.", "reference": "Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, Indiana University, Bloomington. 2009. Research Collaborations by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. http://scimaps.org/maps/map/research_collaborati_110/ (accessed 1/6/2010).", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Russell J. Duhon", "Weixia (Bonnie) Huang", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Research Collaborations by the Chinese Academy of Sciences", "url": "/maps/map/research_collaborati_110/", "created": 2008, "label": "Research Collaborations by the Chinese Academy of Sciences", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/CAS2_letter__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-03T10:02:41.256303", "description": "Legend Node size: # awarded grants Node Inner Color: # unique Co-PIs (0 white; 1 YellowGreen; 2 Green; 3 PineGreen; 4 Orange; 5 Red; 6 Maroon) Node Border Color: Grant Source (Career - Yellow; Pecase - Blue; ITR - Green; SGER - Pink; other - White; Multi-Grants - Red) Edge Width: # times people Co-PId Edge Color: First year of Co-PIship (1999 Maroon; 2000 Red; 2001 Orange; 2002 PineGreen; 2003 Green; 2004 YellowGreen) ", "reference": "B\u00f6rner, Katy. 2004. Knowledge Domain Visualizations in Support of Scholarly Knowledge and Expertise Management. Panel Meeting on SRS's Evaluation of its Science and Engineering Taxonomies, National Science Foundation, SRI International. Arlington, VA, October 21. ", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Weimao Ke"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Co-PI Map of Current IDM Awardees", "url": "/maps/map/copi_map_of_current__109/", "created": 2004, "label": "Co-PI Map of Current IDM Awardees", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/ke-nsf-awardees_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-03T10:01:19.059752", "description": "

This is a WEBSOM document map of a Usenet newsgroup. It was generated by Kohonen\u2019s group at the Neural Networks Research Centre at the Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. The map shows over one million documents from more than 80 Usenet newsgroups.

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Description of Unique Features:\r\nA huge amount of data is displayed in a rather limited 2D space.

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Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nHuman low level visual perception can easily identify patterns and clusters in this map.

\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nMountains represent piles of similar documents.

\r\n

Data Used:\r\nOver one million documents from more than 80 Usenet newsgroups.

\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nSelf organizing maps (SOM).

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Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nSelf organizing maps (SOM).

", "reference": "Teuvo Kohonen. (1995). Self-Organizing Maps, Springer Series in Information Sciences, Vol. 30, 1995.", "creator": ["Teuvo Kohonen"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "WEBSOM Map of Usenet Newsgroups", "url": "/maps/map/websom_map_of_usenet_108/", "created": 2000, "label": "WEBSOM Map of Usenet Newsgroups", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/kohonen-websom_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-03T09:54:53.281200", "description": "

IN-SPIRE\u2122, a powerful information visualization software developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, can give people the ability to see something different in the data they already have. IN-SPIRE\u2122 can quickly and automatically convey the gist of large sets of unformatted text documents such as technical reports, web data, newswire feeds and message traffic. By clustering similar documents together, this Windows-based software unveils common themes and reveals hidden relationships within the collection. IN-SPIRE\u2122 allows analysts to spend more time exploring the information they find most relevant and less time sifting through the masses of irrelevant documents.

\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nLandscape metaphor

", "reference": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2008. IN-SPIRE Software, Battelle Number(s): 13557-E. ", "creator": ["Pacific Northwest Laboratory"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "IN-SPIRE Map", "url": "/maps/map/inspire_map_107/", "created": 2006, "label": "IN-SPIRE Map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/inspire_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-03T09:47:46.441038", "description": "From the beginning, net art has travelled multiple paths. More than a medium, the net is a environment uniquely hospitable to many diverse media: programming and animation, video and audio, gameplay and community. Each individual artist picks up these threads and weaves them in novel combinations. The Idea Line is designed to let you follow these threads of thought yourself, and discover how each work is part of a larger tapestry. The Idea Line displays a timeline of net artworks, arranged in a fan of luminous threads. Each thread corresponds to a particular kind of artwork or type of technology. The brightness of each thread varies with the number of artworks that it contains in each year, so you can watch the ebb and flow of different lines of thought over time. As you move your mouse over the lines, they will open up to reveal titles of artworks. Place the mouse on top of a title to learn more about the work. Click to launch the work itself. Right-click (shift-click on a Mac) to highlight other pieces by the same artist. If you are looking for a particular title or artist, type into the text box at the upper left. You'll be able to see your search results in the context of the overall idealine.", "reference": "\u201cIdea Line,\u201d Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, October, 2001. http://www.whitney.org/artport/idealine", "creator": ["Martin Wattenberg"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Idealine Project : mapping lines of thought through time", "url": "/maps/map/idealine_project__ma_106/", "created": 2001, "label": "Idealine Project : mapping lines of thought through time", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/wattenberg-idealine_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-03T09:44:39.267671", "description": "

This paper reports research on analyzing and visualizing the impact of governmental funding on the amount and citation counts of research publications. A concrete example \u2013 grant and publication data from Behavioral and Social Science Research, one of four extramural research programs at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) \u2013 is analyzed and visualized using the VxInsight visualization tool. The analysis also illustrates current existing problems related to the quality and existence of data, data analysis, and processing. The paper concludes with a list of recommendations on how to improve the quality of grant-publication maps and a discussion of research challenges for indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research.

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nFor the first time, grant and publication data appear interlinked in one map. Labels are automatically generated for landscape features from the underlying documents. The resulting landscape shows sub-fields in aging research at both global and detailed levels..

\r\n

Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nDocuments that are positioned close together and dissimilar documents are far apart. Groups of documents create peaks in the data landscape..

\r\n

Data Used:\r\nGrant and publication data from Behavioral and Social Science Research, one of four extramural research programs at the National Institute on Aging (NIA).

\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nBased on co-term and co-citation analysis\r\nSpatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nVxOrd (force-directed graph layout)..

", "reference": "Kevin W. Boyack & Katy B\u00f6rner. (2003). Indicator-Assisted Evaluation and Funding of Research: Visualizing the Influence of Grants on the Number and Citation Counts of Research Papers, Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology, Special Topic Issue on Visualizing Scientific Paradigms 54(5):447-461.", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Kevin W. Boyack"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": " Indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research: Visualizing the influence of grants on the number and citation counts of research papers.", "url": "/maps/map/_indicatorassisted_e_105/", "created": 2003, "label": " Indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research: Visualizing the influence of grants on the number and citation counts of research papers.", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/boyack-funding__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T15:02:59.061664", "description": "

A map of the top 50 \"hot\" words in the most highly cited PNAS articles from 1982-2001. Words appearing more often have larger circles, while the circle color and ring color identify when the word first appeared and when its popularity peaked, respectively. This visualization demonstrates the utilization of Kleinberg\u2019s burst detection algorithm, co-word occurrence analysis, and graph layout.

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nThe map shows the top 50 highly frequent and bursty words used in the top 10% most highly cited PNAS publications in 1982-2001.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nPNAS dataset (1982 \u2013 2001)

\r\n\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nKleinberg\u2019s burst detection algorithm was used to identify the bursty words in the dataset. A set of words obtained by the intersection of high frequency words and bursty words were used for co-word analysis. Pathfinder network scaling was used to identify most relevant links among words

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nAssociations between the words were visualized as a network using Pajek.

", "reference": "Mane Ketan and B\u00f6rner Katy. (2004). Mapping Topics and Topic Bursts in PNAS. PNAS, 101(Suppl. 1):5287-5290. ", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Ketan K. Mane"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Mapping Topic Bursts", "url": "/maps/map/mapping_topic_bursts_104/", "created": 2004, "label": "Mapping Topic Bursts", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/mane-pnas_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:53:10.234779", "description": "The xFIND gatherer-broker architecture provides a wealth of metadata, which can be used to provide sophisticated search functionality. Local or remote documents are indexed and summaries and metadata are stored on an xFIND broker (server). An xFIND client can search a particular broker and access rich metadata for search result presentation, without having to fetch the original documents themselves. Search result sets are not only presented as a traditional ranked list, but also in an interactive scatterplot (Search Result Explorer) and using dynamic thematic clustering (VisIslands).", "reference": "Andrews, Keith, Vedran Sabol, Wilfried Lackner, Christian G\u00fctl, & Josef Moser (2001). Search Result Visualisation with xFIND. Second International Workshop on User Interfaces to Data Intensive Systems (UIDIS'01), May 31 - June 01, 2001, Zurich, Switzerland.", "creator": ["Keith Andrews"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "VisIslands- Exploring Search Results", "url": "/maps/map/visislands_exploring_103/", "created": 2001, "label": "VisIslands- Exploring Search Results", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/andrews-visislands_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:46:11.866163", "description": "

The project LVis (Digital Library Visualizer) aims at the support of the navigation through complex information spaces. It provides a multi-modal, virtual reality interface that maps data stored in digital libraries onto an \"information landscape\". This landscape can then be explored by human users in a natural manner that will support efficient search through related articles. The first 2-D and 3-D prototype visualizes search results from the Dido Image Bank http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/dido/, Department of the History of Art, IU.

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nEach crystal represents a set of images with semantically similar image descriptions. Participants can explore the crystalline structures of datasets by navigating this new environment and gaining viewing vantage points. They may select images of interest in order to display a larger and clearer size version. If the larger version is not satisfactory it can be returned to its previous iconic presentation. Those that are of interest may be exhibited in unison and collected as a separate and uniquely chosen grouping.

\r\n\r\n

Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nProximity of images in space represents semantic similarity.

\r\n\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nUsers can select different datasets by choosing a specific \"heading\" that is represented in the shape of a collection specific \"head\". In order to explore the heading further, participants must \u201cget inside this head.\u201d

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nDido Image Bank, Department of the History of Art, IU (http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/dido/).

\r\n\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nLatent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is used to automatically extract semantic relationships between images. The LSA output feeds into a clustering algorithm that groups images into classes of images that share semantically similar descriptors.

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nA modified Boltzman algorithm is used to lay out images in space.

\r\n\r\n", "reference": "Katy B\u00f6rner, Andrew Dillon & Margaret Dolinsky (2000) LVis - Digital Library Visualizer. Information Visualisation 2000, Symposium on Digital Libraries, London, England, 19-21 July, pp. 77-81.", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Andrew Dillon", "Margaret Dolinsky"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "LVis - Digital Library Visualizer", "url": "/maps/map/lvis__digital_librar_102/", "created": 2000, "label": "LVis - Digital Library Visualizer", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/borner-lvis_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:42:44.092306", "description": "

The authors determined 120 authors cited most often in the 12 key journals of information science during a 24 year span (1972 and 1995) and retrieved the corresponding co-citation data from Social Sci search via DIALOG. The resulting data set was submitted to a co-citation analysis via factor and cluster analyses. Included in the results is an overview of the institutional affiliations of authors, the (evolving) specialty structure of the discipline, and changes in authors' eminence and influence.

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nVisualization provides an overview of the institutional affiliations of authors, the (evolving) specialty structure of the discipline, and changes in authors' eminence and influence.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nData from 12 key journals of information science

\r\n\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nINDSCAL (Individual differences MDS) was used to identify trends in terms of top-cited authors. Hierarchical clustering and factor analysis were used to display the specialty groupings of 120 highly-cited (\"paradigmatic\") information scientists.

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nMDS and cluster analysis

\r\n\r\n", "reference": "White, Howard D., and Katherine W. McCain. (1998). Visualizing a Discipline: An Author Co-citation Analysis of Information Science, 1972-\u00ac1995. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 49(4):327-355.", "creator": ["Howard D. White", "Katherine W. McCain"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Visualizing a discipline: an author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972\u20131995", "url": "/maps/map/visualizing_a_discip_101/", "created": 1998, "label": "Visualizing a discipline: an author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972\u20131995", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/white-vis-a-discipline_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:38:15.469130", "description": "

The hands-on science maps for kids invite children to see, explore, and understand science from above. This map shows our world and the places where science is practiced or researched. The other shows major areas of science and their complex interrelationships. Both maps also appear in the Illuminated Diagram Display. Watercolor paintings by Fileve Palmer were digitally added by Elisha Hardy to make different continents as well as different areas of science more tangible. Children and adults alike are invited to help solve the puzzle by placing major scientists, inventors, and inventions at their proper places. Start by selecting a map-- do you want to place famous people or major inventions first? Turn the map over when you are done and start again. Look for the many hints hidden in the drawings to find the perfect place for each puzzle piece. What other inventors and inventions do you know? Where would your favorite science teachers and science experiments go? What area of science do you want to explore next?

\r\n\r\n

Special thanks to Stephen Miles Uzzo, Director of Technology & Michael Lane, Director of Exhibit Services at the New York Hall of Science for manufacturing the physical maps.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nThe base map for each of these maps comes from the Illuminated Diagram display by Kevin Boyack, Richard Klavans, John Burgoon, Peter Kennard, and W. Bradford Paley.

", "reference": "B\u00f6rner, Katy, Fileve Palmer, Julie M. Davis, Elisha F. Hardy, Stephen Miles Uzzo & Bryan J. Hook. (2009). Teaching Children the Structure of Science. In SPIE Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis (Vol. 7243, pp. 724307: 1-14), SPIE. ", "creator": ["Fileve Palmer", "Katy B\u00f6rner", "Stephen Miles Uzzo", "Michael Lane", "Julie Marie Smith"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Hands-on Science Map for Kids", "url": "/maps/map/handson_science_map__100/", "created": 2006, "label": "Hands-on Science Map for Kids", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/155-Topic_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:31:58.019717", "description": "

The original map consisted of a set of color-coded transparencies. When all transparent overlays are combined or superimposed a complete comparative picture is observed -- both coincidence and non-coincidence of the Asimov historical net-work and citation network. The nodes which were not reinforced by citation connections stand out as pure redlines. The citation connections which coincide with Asimov's historical connections are purple, that is, a combination of red and blue. The same information is revealed by examining the blue overlays separately. Citation connections which are not coincident with Asimov's historical connections stand out as pure yellow lines. The composite of all six overlays reveals those connections established by Asimov alone, by citation data alone, or a combination of the two. A composite of the top four overlays (third through sixth) represents citation data. However, the reader should keep in mind that the citation connections are those established almost exclusively on the basis of nodal data, not on the basis of locating citation data from all possible sources

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nMulti-layer citation graph.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nKey discoveries of understanding the mechanism and role of DNA in protein synthesis are covered in Issac Asimov\u2019s book \u201cThe Genetic Code\u201d were used for the study.

", "reference": "Garfield E, Sher I H, Torpie R J. (1964). The Use of Citation Data in Writing the History of Science, ISI\u00ae Monograph, Institute for Scientific Information\u00ae, Philadelphia.", "creator": ["Eugene Garfield", "Irving H. Sher", "Richard J. Torpie"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Histogram of DNA development", "url": "/maps/map/histogram_of_dna_dev_99/", "created": 1964, "label": "Histogram of DNA development", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/garfield-dna-historiograph_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:21:55.403668", "description": "

This emergent mosaic supplies a macro view of all of the English Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org) and reveals those areas that are currently hot, meaning, of late, they are being frequently being revised.

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nThe visualization contains 1,869 images taken from Wikipedia. This represents about 300 articles for every one image.

\r\n\r\n

Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nThe red nodes are those articles that have been revised more frequently than the smaller yellow nodes. From Feb 6, 2001 to April 6, 2007, articles were edited 52,300,922 times.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nWe would like to thank WikiMedia Foundation for freely making data dumps available for research.

", "reference": "", "creator": ["Bruce W. Herr, II", "Todd Holloway"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Emergent Mosaic of Wikipedian Activity", "url": "/maps/map/emergent_mosaic_of_w_98/", "created": 2007, "label": "Emergent Mosaic of Wikipedian Activity", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/158-wikivisLowRes71_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:15:12.021111", "description": "Lighthouse is an on-line interface for a Web-based information retrieval system. It accepts queries from a user, collects the retrieved documents from the search engine, organizes and presents them to the user. The system integrates two known presentations of the retrieved results -- the ranked list and clustering visualization -- in a novel and effective way. It accepts the user's input and adjusts the document visualization accordingly.", "reference": "A. Leuski & J. Allan (2000). Lighthouse: Showing the Way to Relevant Information. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Vizualization 2000. A. Leuski & J. Allan(2000). Details of Lighthouse. Technical Report IR-212, Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2000.", "creator": ["Anton Leuski"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Lighthouse: Showing the Way to Relevant Information", "url": "/maps/map/lighthouse_showing_t_97/", "created": 2000, "label": "Lighthouse: Showing the Way to Relevant Information", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/leuski-lighthouse___jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-06-02T14:08:22.077747", "description": "Every country has its own two-letter code, such as .de for Germany and .cn for China. But not all codes are so obvious, such as .lk for Sri Lanka or .za for South Africa. This map provides a visualization of 180 of the 250 country code top level domains (ccTLDs) used by the domain name system of the World Wide Web. The country codes are aligned over the actual countries and sized in to create a visual map of the world. \r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nThis map is unique in how it uses country codes to represent their geographic countries. In addition, the inclusion of a color-coded legend makes this map a very useful reference tool for global Webmasters.

\r\n\r\nData Used:\r\nThe database of country/region names and country code top level domains (ccTLDs) maintained by the International Assigned Numbers Authority (www.iana.org).", "reference": "Byte Level Research. 2010. The Map of the World Wide Web. http://www.bytelevel.com/news/world_wide_web_map.html (accessed 6/16/2010).", "creator": ["John Yunker"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Map of the World Wide Web", "url": "/maps/map/map_of_the_world_wid_96/", "created": 2007, "label": "Map of the World Wide Web", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/159-map_shadow_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-21T11:07:37.495467", "description": "Claudius Ptolemy\u2019s curiosity about the dynamic relationships between the Earth and the sun, the Earth and the moon, and the causes and effects of climate led him to invent the longitude and latitude grid system to construct maps of the world. His mathematical proofs describing Earth as a sphere are still accepted today, despite the fact that he incorrectly placed this sphere as a fixed point in the center of a universe revolving around it daily. This map is taken from an edition of Cosmographia published in Ulm, Germany, soon after his great works, which had been lost during the Middle Ages and rediscovered during the Renaissance. This 1482 Ulm edition is noticeably different from previous Italian editions because it was printed from carved wood blocks rather than copperplate engravings. This map shows Africa as an extended southern land and the Indian Ocean as an enclosed body of water. ", "reference": "Ptolemy, Claudius. 1478. Cosmographia. Rome: Arnoldus Bucknick.

Skelton, R.A. 1963. Bibliographical Note to Reproduction of Claudius Ptolemaus, Cosmographia, Ulm, 1482. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.

Thomson, J.O. 1948. History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ptolemy, Claudius. 1482. Cosmographia World Map. Courtesy of the James Bell Ford Library, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Claudius Ptolemy"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Cosmographia World Map", "url": "/maps/map/cosmographia_world_m_95/", "created": 1482, "label": "Cosmographia World Map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/top10-ptolemy1_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-21T10:11:46.299331", "description": "Computer scientist Keith V. Nesbitt\u2019s hand-drawn map, which was inspired by the Sydney metro map, shows interconnecting ideas running through his Ph.D. thesis. Nesbitt\u2019s thesis concerns the design of multisensory displays of abstract data with the motivation of mining this data. On the map, each separate \u201ctrack of abstract thought\u201d in the thesis is represented by a different color. Related ideas correspond to category stations along that track. Overlapping ideas are shown as connected stations. The familiarity of metro maps makes the diagram easy for readers to interpret. As the space in which the tracks are laid is invariant to rotation and mirroring, it is possible to read the map in any direction. However, there is a cultural bias for the tracks to be followed from left to right and top to bottom. ", "reference": "Nesbitt, Keith V. 2004. \u201cGetting to More Abstract Places Using the Metro Map Metaphor.\u201d In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Visualization, 488-493. Washington: IEEE Computer Society.

Nesbitt, Keith V. 2003. \u201cMulti-Sensory Display of Abstract Data.\u201d PhD diss., University of Sydney.

Nesbitt, Keith V. 2004. PhD Thesis Map. Courtesy of IEEE and Keith V. Nesbitt, Charles Sturt University, Australia, \u00a92004 by IEEE. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Keith V. Nesbitt"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Ph.D. Thesis Map", "url": "/maps/map/phd_thesis_map_94/", "created": 2004, "label": "Ph.D. Thesis Map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/nesbitt_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-19T08:17:51.455309", "description": "Governing Values redesigns the world map. Traditional values of longitude, latitude and area are exchanged for statistics sourced from various international organisations.", "reference": "Bufardeci, Louisa. 2004. Governing Values. http://www.louisabufardeci.net/site/pages/gv.html (accessed 6/16/2010). ", "creator": ["Louisa Bufardeci"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Governing Values", "url": "/maps/map/governing_values_93/", "created": 2004, "label": "Governing Values", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/governing_values__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T08:11:05.066764", "description": "Andr\u00e9 Skupin\u2019s research interests focus on geographic visualization, cartographic generalization, data mining, and information visualization. This map was computed from more than 22,000 abstracts submitted to the annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers during a ten-year period from 1993 to 2002. The methodology is centered around the representation of each document as an n-dimensional vector of terms. These vectors are used to construct a neural network model of the geographic knowledge domain using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM). The neural network model is then transformed into two types of information: (1) a landscape in which elevation indicates the degree to which a single, focused topic is addressed; and (2) multilevel text labels associated with regions in the visualization. The final rendering was executed in standard geographic information systems (GIS) software. ", "reference": "Skupin, Andr\u00e9. 2004. \u201cThe World of Geography: Visualizing a Knowledge Domain with Cartographic Means.\u201d PNAS 101 (Suppl. 1): 5274-5278.

Skupin, Andr\u00e9. 2005. In Terms of Geography. Courtesy of Andr\u00e9 Skupin, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Andr\u00e9 Skupin"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "In Terms of Geography", "url": "/maps/map/in_terms_of_geograph_92/", "created": 2005, "label": "In Terms of Geography", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/92_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:50:29.830146", "description": "An expert in the area of technology forecasting, Joseph P. Martino created this map depicting the equilibrium of science and society. The graph on the left shows the number of scientists and the growth in population in the U.S. for nearly 30 years: 1940-1969. Martino calculated that the proportion of scientists in the population had increased from less than 0.5 percent to about 1%. Today, the U.S. has about 300 million people, including about 5 million (1.7%) scientists. On the right, the growth in the U.S. gross national product (GNP) since 1946 and the dollar resources expended in research and development (R&D) for 1953-1968 are shown. The proportion of the U.S. GNP devoted to R&D doubled, from slightly less than 1.5% to 3% over that time period. In 2008, the U.S. GNP was $13 trillion, with about $0.3 trillion (2.3%) spent on R&D. While the percentage of scientists in the total population increases steadily, R&D investment as a fraction of GNP appears to be constant and is declining in purchasing power. The primary purpose of this map is to indicate that science is transitioning to equilibrium, and science policy-makers must start thinking about how to cushion the shocks that will accompany such a transition. ", "reference": "Martino, Joseph P. 1969. \u201cScience and Society in Equilibrium.\u201d Science 165 (3895):
769-772.

Martino, Joseph P. 1969. Science and Society in Equilibrium. Courtesy of AAAS. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Joseph P. Martino"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Science and Society in Equilibrium", "url": "/maps/map/science_and_society__91/", "created": 1969, "label": "Science and Society in Equilibrium", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Martino_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:49:04.960092", "description": "The World Bank\u2019s Data Group, National Geographic, and the United Nations undertook a partnership in 2005 to raise awareness of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by producing and disseminating a large-format, full-color wall map highlighting progress toward the goals. National Geographic was responsible for the cartography and design, with input from the World Bank. The data was taken from the World Bank\u2019s World Development Indicators (WDI) database and the United Nations\u2019 website. Produced in 2006, the map presents data up to 2004. The center map portrays the world by income, thus providing a global overview of poverty, the first MDG. All eight MDG goals and their human impact are shown below the world map. The map and charts in the upper-right corner show that much progress has been made in reducing poverty. Prospects are good that the 2015 goal will be met\u2014i.e., the proportion of people that live on less than U.S. $1 a day will be reduced by half. The MDGs are an international commitment. They have been accepted by both poor and rich countries as a framework for measuring development progress. Poor countries have actively committed to reducing poverty. Wealthy countries have promised to support global economic and social development. Keep the promise. Visit http://un.org/millenniumgoals. ", "reference": "Department of Public Information, United Nations. 2010. We Can End Poverty 2015: Millennium Development Goals. Accessed September 21, 2011. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals.

The World Bank Group. 2011. \u201cThe Millennium Development Goals Map: Charting Progress toward a Better World.\u201d Data & Research. Accessed September 21, 2011. http://econ.worldbank.org.

The World Bank and The National Geographic Society. 2006. The Millennium Development Goals Map: A Global Agenda to End Poverty. Courtesy of The World Bank and The National Geographic Society. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org

", "creator": ["The World Bank", "The National Geographic Society"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "The Millennium Development Goals Map", "url": "/maps/map/the_millennium_devel_90/", "created": 2006, "label": "The Millennium Development Goals Map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/worldgoals_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:47:38.997670", "description": "The Council for Chemical Research (CCR) commissioned expert economists to conduct a two-phase study, published in 2005 as Measure for Measure: Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. Innovation Engine, on the quantitative impact of research and development (R&D) in the chemical sciences. Using patent and scientific literature, a 20-year timeline from basic research to market was determined. Furthermore, the experts identified two major feedback cycles: (1) chemical industry innovation is directly linked to federally supported foundational research, and (2) the $1 billion federal investment is leveraged by industry investment of about $5 billion dollars for invention development and technology commercialization. Experts also calculated that every dollar invested in R&D by the chemical industry over the past twenty years has generated two dollars in increased operating income, a 17% return on investment after taxes. In 2005, researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory examined the macroeconomic impacts of the $10 billion chemical industry income on gross national product (GNP) and jobs. Using the REMI Policy Insight model, they determined a GNP multiplier of 4 which, applied to the industry operating income of $10 billion, yields $40 billion in GNP; it also creates 600,000 new jobs and roughly $8 billion in additional tax revenues each year, some of which is invested in chemical R&D, thus closing the cycle. ", "reference": "Council for Chemical Research in cooperation with the Chemical Heritage Foundation. Phase I. 2001. \u201cMeasuring Up: Research and Development Counts for the Chemical Industry.\u201d Washington: Council for Chemical Research. Accessed August 31, 2011. http://www.ccrhq.org/publications.

Council for Chemical Research. Phase II. 2005. \u201cMeasure for Measure: Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. Innovation Engine.\u201d Washington: Council for Chemical Research. Accessed September 7, 2011. http://www.ccrhq.org/publications_docs/CCRPhaseIIStudyReport.pdf.

Council for Chemical Research. 2009. Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. Innovation Engine. Courtesy of the Council for Chemical Research. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.", "creator": ["Council for Chemical Research"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. Innovation Engine", "url": "/maps/map/chemical_rd_powers_t_89/", "created": 2009, "label": "Chemical R&D Powers the U.S. Innovation Engine", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/CCR_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:46:03.627308", "description": "Collision with ships is a leading mortality factor for endangered whales. The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) is both a major shipping route and an area heavily used by endangered whales. Because the Boston Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) crosses the sanctuary, the area is a potential \u201chot spot\u201d for collisions between whales and ships. To reduce collision risk, the team of research coordinator David N. Wiley, spatial analyst Michael A. Thompson, and oceanographer Richard Merrick took the following steps: they (1) plotted the distribution and relative abundance of North Atlantic right whale and other baleen whale sightings within the Sanctuary and adjacent waters; (2) identified high-use whale areas; (3) reconfigured the current TSS path through the Sanctuary to spatially separate whales and ships; and (4) calculated the possible risk reduction. As compared to the original TSS, whale sightings in the reconfigured TSS were reduced by 81% and right whale sightings by 58%. Industry transit times increased 9\u201322 minutes. The TSS shift was accepted by the United Nation\u2019s International Maritime Organization in December of 2006 and became active in July of 2007. This was the first shifting of a TSS to mitigate the collision of vessels and endangered whales in the United States. ", "reference": "Wiley, David N., Michael A. Thompson and Richard Merrick. 2006. Realigning the Boston Traffic Separation Scheme to Reduce the Risk of Ship Strike to Right and Other Baleen Whales. Courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.", "creator": ["Richard Merrick", "Michael A. Thompson", "David N. Wiley"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Realigning the Boston Traffic Separation Scheme to Reduce the Risk of Ship Strike to Right and Other Baleen Whales", "url": "/maps/map/realigning_the_bosto_88/", "created": 2006, "label": "Realigning the Boston Traffic Separation Scheme to Reduce the Risk of Ship Strike to Right and Other Baleen Whales", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/whales_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:44:02.005137", "description": "The prevalence of cell phone use in Milan creates a way to estimate population movement in the city. Maps created from this data allow us to answer questions about where people congregate, for how long, and at what time of day. They show how people interact with the physical environment of the city. The research team of geographer and urban designer Sarah Williams, and architects Carlo Ratti and Riccardo Maria Pulselli developed a partnership with Vodafone, one of the largest European cell phone companies, to map this activity. Raw cell phone data for 2004-2005 is mapped here for Milan and illustrates urban dynamics that have never been accessible to policy experts at this level of detail. The hourly population estimates provide infrastructure planners with a way to infer urban density, thus helping them create better plans for public transport or roadway restrictions. City managers can use this real-time activity data to help create plans during emergency events. Urban designers can identify \u201cgood\u201d spaces as it illustrates where people like to congregate. The triangulation techniques established to create these maps can be used to infer population data for developing countries where citizens use cell phones on a daily basis. ", "reference": "Ratti, Carlo, Sarah Williams, Dennis Frenchman, and Riccardo M. Pulselli. 2006. \u201cMobile Landscapes: Using Location Data from Cell Phones for Urban Analysis.\u201d Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 33: 727-748.

Williams, Sarah, Carlo Ratti and Riccardo Maria Pulselli. 2006. Mobile Landscapes: Using Location Data from Cell Phones for Urban Analysis. Courtesy of MIT SENSEable City Laboratory. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Sarah Williams", "Carlo Ratti", "Riccardo Maria Pulselli"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Mobile Landscapes: Using Location Data from Cell Phones for Urban Analysis", "url": "/maps/map/mobile_landscapes_us_87/", "created": 2006, "label": "Mobile Landscapes: Using Location Data from Cell Phones for Urban Analysis", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/mobile_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:41:27.116716", "description": "Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans create maps of science that serve as a platform for planning and evaluation on the national, corporate, and personal levels. Traditional methods of comparing scientific strengths of nations are based on counting papers and citations within journal categories. However, journal category structures are too coarse to accurately show the strengths of smaller nations. Journal-based methods also fail to show the subdisciplinary or multidisciplinary nature of many countries\u2019 strengths. In this map, Boyack and Klavans introduce a method to identify and visualize research leadership using a classification system in which millions of research papers are segmented into over 80,000 clusters. These 80,000 building blocks are individually reassembled for each nation to reveal their areas of research leadership. Analysis of the top-13 publishing nations shows that this new method for measuring research leadership gives a much more accurate and detailed accounting of the actual scientific strengths of nations than does the journal-based method. In particular, the strengths of small nations, along with subdisciplinary and multidisciplinary strength, are more accurately identified using the new method. Overlaying U.S. strengths with those from the top-12 competitive nations shows the areas in which those nations have a leadership role that is not matched by the U.S. ", "reference": "Klavans, Richard, and Kevin W. Boyack. 2010. \u201cToward an Objective, Reliable and Accurate Method for Measuring Research Leadership.\u201d Scientometrics 82 (3): 539-553.

Boyack, Kevin W. and Richard Klavans. 2008. U.S. Vulnerabilities in Science. Courtesy of SciTech Strategies. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "U.S. Vulnerabilities in Science", "url": "/maps/map/us_vulnerabilities_i_86/", "created": 2008, "label": "U.S. Vulnerabilities in Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/US_Vul_poster_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:39:58.484809", "description": "This map by graphic designer Jess Bachman is a depiction of the federal discretionary budget compiled by the Office for Management and Budget and released by the White House each February. Thousands of pages of raw data are boiled down to the most open and accessible record of our nation\u2019s spending. It is a uniquely revealing look at our national priorities that fluctuate yearly according to the wishes of the president, the power of Congress, and the will of the people. Over 500 programs and departments and almost every program that receives over $200 million annually are shown using a hierarchical tree map. Each node\u2019s size is proportional to the size of funding it receives. This allows the viewer to quickly compare and contrast levels of spending and to easily identify government priorities. In addition to spending levels, percentage data is included to show an increase or decrease of funding in response to priorities for that current year. The poster was designed so that viewers could form their own opinions and derive their own answers\u2014especially those that may differ from political rhetoric. ", "reference": "Bachman, Jess. 2011. Death and Taxes: 2011. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.wallstats.com/deathandtaxes/.

Bachman, Jess. 2009. Death and Taxes 2009. Courtesy of Jess Bachman. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Jess Bachman"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Death and Taxes 2009", "url": "/maps/map/death_and_taxes_2009_85/", "created": 2009, "label": "Death and Taxes 2009", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/DeathTaxes_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:38:37.369859", "description": "This map was developed by research programmer Bruce W. Herr II, biomedical researcher Gully Burns, computer scientist David Newman, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) program director Edmund Talley. It is a similarity-based cluster map of all grants awarded by NIH in 2007. Approximately 60,000 grants are represented as dots, color-coded by NIH Institute. To generate the map, the content of each grant was assessed using topic modeling, an unsupervised machine-learning method based on statistics of co-occurring words in the grants\u2019 abstracts. Grants were placed on the map using a layout algorithm that clusters together grants with similar topic mixtures. Clusters are labeled by the computationally derived topics with the highest word allocations in the underlying grants. The map provides a global view of the NIH funding: what topics of research are being heavily pursued, how the topics relate to one another, and what research topics interest each institute. Data can be examined at multiple levels (see zooms for \u2018Cardiac Diseases Research\u2019 and \u2018Neural Circuit Research\u2019 below) and at different resolutions (see funding portfolios of four institutes together with their top-10 topics on the right). The interactive version is shown on the left and can be explored at http://nihmaps.org. ", "reference": "Herr II, Bruce W., Katy B\u00f6rner, Russell J. Duhon, Elisha F. Hardy, and Shashikant Penumarthy. 2008. NIH Topic Maps: Topic and Map-Based Clustering Analysis of NIH Grants. Accessed September 23, 2011. http://www.nihmaps.org.

Talley, Edmund M., David Newman, David Mimno, Bruce W. Herr II, Hanna M. Wallach, Gully Burns, A. G. Miriam Leenders, and Andrew McCallum. 2011. \u201cDatabase of NIH Research Using Machine-Learned Categories and Graphical Clustering.\u201d Nature Methods 8 (6): 443\u2013444.

Herr II, Bruce W., Edmund M. Talley, Gully Burns, David Newman, and Gavin LaRowe. 2009. \u201cNIH Visual Browser: An Interactive Visualization of Biomedical Research.\u201d In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Visualisation, 505-509.

Herr II, Bruce W., Gully Burns, David Newman, and Edmund Talley. 2007. A Topic Map of NIH Grants 2007. Courtesy of ChalkLabs, Indiana University & Information Sciences Institute, University of California, Irvine. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Bruce W. Herr, II", "Gully Burns (USC)", "David Newman (UCI)", "Edmund Talley"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "A Topic Map of NIH Grants 2007", "url": "/maps/map/a_topic_map_of_nih_g_84/", "created": 2007, "label": "A Topic Map of NIH Grants 2007", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/NIH_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:35:21.556483", "description": "Developed by psychologist Johan Bollen, computer scientist Herbert Van de Sompel, mathematician Aric Hagberg, physicists Lu\u00eds M.A. Bettencourt and Lyudmila Balakireva, software engineer Ryan Chute, and graph-systems consultant Marko A. Rodriguez, this is the first map created from large-scale, world-wide scholarly usage data collected by the MESUR project from some of the world\u2019s most significant publishers, aggregators, and large university consortia. It visualizes the collective flow of how information seekers move from one journal to another in their online navigation behavior. As it reflects the actions of those who read the literature but rarely publish themselves, practitioner-driven domains appear larger than in citation-based maps. Most scientific domains, including the social sciences and humanities, are highly interdisciplinary, but the latter are more so as shown by the concentration of connections in that part of the network. Practitioner-driven domains such as nursing and tourism are strongly manifested in this map because they are highly populated with non-publishing, non-citing scholars that nevertheless read the relevant literature in their domain. ", "reference": "Bollen, Johan, Lyudmila Balakireva, Lu\u00eds Bettencourt, Ryan Chute, Aric Hagberg, Marko A. Rodriguez, and Herbert Van de Sompel. 2009. \u201cClickstream Data Yields High-Resolution Maps of Science.\u201d PLoSOne 4 (3): 1-11.

Bollen, Johan, Lyudmila Balakireva, Lu\u00eds Bettencourt, Ryan Chute, Aric Hagberg, Marko A. Rodriguez, and Herbert Van de Sompel. 2008. A Clickstream Map of Science. Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Johan Bollen", "Ryan Chute", "Marko A. Rodriguez", "Lyudmila Balakireva", "Lu\u00eds M.A. Bettencourt", "Herbert Van de Sompel", "Aric Hagberg"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "A Clickstream Map of Science", "url": "/maps/map/a_clickstream_map_of_83/", "created": 2008, "label": "A Clickstream Map of Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Johan_Map_revised_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-19T07:33:05.568269", "description": "In his 1987 book Networks of Scientific Communications and the Organization of Fundamental Research (in Russian), philosopher and sociologist Georgiy G. Dumenton analyzed personal scientific relations in a cluster of six tightly connected life sciences institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences located in the Moscow region in the period between 1967 and 1979. The map shows one side of the two-sided appendix to the book comprising Figures 1-39 referred to in the text. Using data acquired via interviews, questionnaires, and participatory observation, Figure 3 shows continued (grey) and discontinued (black) personal scientific relations in the institutes M4 and M2. Relationships are ranked from the top to the bottom according to the duration of the relationship in years. The tail of the diagram, representing durations of 30 or more years, signifies almost life-long relationships. Dumenton also recorded motivations and interests for scientific relations and developed a typology of epistemic aspects of scientific collaborations. Figure 6 lists categories for evaluating scientific collaborations: e.g., evaluation of the researcher\u2019s ideas and results; her/his methods; the state of equipment and other research instruments/technology; and the exchange of equipment and other research instruments/technology. Figure 5 shows correlations between these categories and their development over time. ", "reference": "Dumenton, Georgiy G. 1987. Seti naucnych kommunikacij i organizacija fundamental'nych issledovanij [Networks of Scientific Communication and the Organization of Fundamental Research]. Moscow: Nauka.

Dumenton, Georgiy G. 1987. Networks of Scientific Communication. Courtesy of Nauka and Georgiy G. Dumenton. In \u201c5th Iteration (2009): Science Maps for Science Policy-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Georgiy G. Dumenton"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Networks of Scientific Communications", "url": "/maps/map/networks_of_scientif_82/", "created": 1987, "label": "Networks of Scientific Communications", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/0001_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T14:01:20.431955", "description": "

The presented work aims to identify major papers and their interrelations, topic trends over time, as well as major authors and their evolving co-authorship networks in the IV Contest 2004 data set. Paper-citation, co-citation, word co-occurrence, burst analysis and co-author analysis were used to analyze the data set. The results are visually presented as graphs, static Pajek [1] visualizations and interactive network layouts. # Diverse clusters of co-authors can be identified in the visualization. The trio of Stuart K. Card, Jock D. Mackinlay and George G. Robertson has co-authored a number of papers through their years at Xerox. These three authors have been the forerunners of research in Information Visualization. These authors are also the only group of people to have co-authored amongst themselves most often, indicating a very successful research trio.

Apart from Stuart K. Card, who seems to have significant collaborations with both Peter Pirolli and Ramana Rao, both Jock D. Mackinlay and George G. Robertson do not seem to have any significant co-authors, despite the latter having the most number of co-authors.

The visualization also indicates that most authors have not co-authored with the same author very often, except for this trio. This could be because of the evolving nature of the field and increasing number of scientists and researchers joining the field, thus giving rise to newer collaborations. This phenomenon could also explain the presence of most nodes in a light green color and being very small in size. The group consisting of nodes representing Lucy T. Nowell, Edward A. Fox, Dennis J. Brueni, and their co-authors is one such example. They possibly represent authors with fewer publications and fewer citations to their credit, on account of their relatively recent entry into the field.

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\n The visualization shows the results of a time series analysis of the co-authorship network. # A series of snapshots of the different stages of evolution of the co-authorship network has also been provided.

\r\n\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nThe link color indicates the year in which the authors began collaborating. The node color indicates the number of citations that they have received while the node size depicts the number of papers that they have published.

\r\n", "reference": "Ke, Weimao, B\u00f6rner, Katy and Viswanath, Lalitha. (2004). Analysis and Visualization of the IV 2004 Contest Dataset. Poster Compendium, IEEE Information Visualization Conference, pp. 49-50, 2004.", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Weimao Ke", "Lalitha Viswanath"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Mapping the Evolution of Co-Authorship Networks ", "url": "/maps/map/mapping_the_evolutio_81/", "created": 2004, "label": "Mapping the Evolution of Co-Authorship Networks ", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/map-evol_tif_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T13:54:13.750496", "description": "

To what extent can information visualization scale? This project designs new algorithms and interaction techniques to adapt popular information visualization representations, such as treemaps and scatter plot diagrams, for displaying one million of items or more in a effective way, without resorting to any aggregation technique.

To achieve this goal, we are developing special techniques to: experiment with non standard visual attributes such as shading, transparency and stereo-vision; use animation to help understanding view changes; experiment with new interaction techniques for dynamic labeling (extensions of excentric labels) and; animated \"tours\" to quickly explore a data set with several different views.

To manage optimally the screen real-estate, we are relying on hardware graphics acceleration to allow for smooth transitions between views, interpolation between layouts and synthesis of graphics attributes such as \"overlaps\" (among other things).

\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\n* Visualizing One Million Items * Visualizing one million of items on a 1600x1200 screen is a challenge in term of visualization, graphics, perception and interaction. We have designed new techniques to achieve it for treemaps and scatter plots.

\r\n\r\n

Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nVisualization systems typically draw items with a one-pixel border, spending two lines and two columns of pixels and sending the geometry twice. We use slightly shaded quadrilaterals so that they remain distinguishable when tiled or stacked.

\r\n\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nDynamic Queries Dynamic queries rely on interactively filtering and redisplaying a data set through a continuous interaction. Current systems use \"range-sliders\" to filter one attribute either changing the smallest value, the largest, or sweeping a range of values between the smallest and the largest. To achieve the redisplay speed required for smooth interaction, we have designed a technique that relies on hardware acceleration.

The data set should be loaded into main memory. When the user activates a slider to perform the query dynamically, all the items are sent to the GPU and stored in a display list. The Z coordinate is calculated according to the attribute being filtered by the dynamic query so, for example, if a film database is displayed and the user wants to filter on the size of the film, the size is assigned to the Z-axis.

Each time the slider moves, a new near or far plane value is computed and sent to the GPU and the list is redisplayed, leaving the visibility computation to the hardware. Sliders or range-sliders are used to control the interaction. On current systems, their precision is limited to their size, augmenting the size increasing the precision at the cost of screen real-estate and longer movements to reach the slider. Our sliders and range-sliders are small (around 100 pixels) but their precision increase when the mouse leave their region. Fast changes can be done by keeping the mouse on the control's region while precision is achieved by going farther away from the control. See the animation (32Mb file).

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nCombining software and hardware techniques provides a sustained performance around 2.5 million quads per second. By using texture mapping for animating treemaps, we achieve 10 frames per second for animating across any family of treemap. For scatter plots, we have only reached 3 frames per second for animations on 1 million items and 6 frames per second as worst for dynamic queries. Finding techniques for improving that speed would be useful but the next generation of graphics cards and computers will solve the problem.

\r\n", "reference": "Fekete, J.-D., Plaisant, C. Interactive Information Visualization of a Million Items, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2002 (InfoVis 2002), Boston, USA, October 2002. Interactive Information Visualization to the Million , Jan 2002 HCIL Technical Report.", "creator": ["Jean-Daniel Fekete", "Catherine Plaisant"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Interactive Information Visualization of a Million Items", "url": "/maps/map/nteractive_informati_79/", "created": 2002, "label": "Interactive Information Visualization of a Million Items", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/fekete-million-treemap__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T13:21:14.610815", "description": "The Interactive Sky Chart, designed by Roger W. Sinnott and The Interactive Factory for Sky & Telescope, can simulate a naked-eye view of the sky from any location on Earth, at any time of night, on any date from 1600 to 2400. The circle seen here simulates the view of a dome centered over New York City in April 2006. The yellow rectangle represents the view looking into the southeastern part of the dome. The purple rectangle is a view into deep space. The stars and planets charted are those typically visible without optical aid under clear suburban skies. Deep-sky objects that can be seen through binoculars are also plotted. Observations over many centuries are used to predict which stars and planets will be visible from different areas at various times of the year. To specify a point on the Earth or celestial sphere, geometers use spherical coordinates. In the case of Earth, these are named latitude and longitude. Astronomers expand Earth\u2019s coordinates out into the celestial sphere using coordinates called declination and right ascension that stay fixed with respect to the stars. This is why they can be permanently printed on star maps. The Interactive Sky Chart can be found at http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/skychart.", "reference": "Hirshfield, Alan and Roger W. Sinnott, eds. 1999. Sky Catalogue 2000.0. Vol. 2: Double Stars and Variable Stars, and Non-Stellar Objects. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Robinson, Leif J. 2010. Sky & Telescope. \u201cA Brief History of Sky and Telescope.\u201d Accessed February 12, 2010. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/about/generalinfo/3305301.html.

Sinnott, Roger W. and The Interactive Factory. 2006. Sky Chart of New York City in April 2006. Courtesy of Sky & Telescope. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Roger W. Sinnott, Interactive Factory"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Sky Chart of New York City in April 2006", "url": "/maps/map/sky_chart_of_new_yor_78/", "created": 2006, "label": "Sky Chart of New York City in April 2006", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/138-2D_Sky-Chart__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T13:18:01.948124", "description": "No chemistry textbook, classroom, auditorium, or research laboratory is complete without a copy of the periodic table of the elements. Since the earliest days of chemistry, attempts have been made to arrange the known elements in ways that revealed similarities between them. However, it required the genius of Mendeleev in 1869 to see that arranging elements into patterns was not enough; he realized that there was a natural plan in which each element has its allotted place. This applied not only to the known elements, but also left room for elements that were undiscovered at that time. More than 700 versions of the periodic table were produced in the century after Mendeleev. The table shown here was drawn by Murray Robertson based on scientific data provided by chemist John Emsley. In the interactive version available online, one may click on an element to provide chemical data and other relevant information. More information about the history and logical arrangement of the periodic table is available at http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements. ", "reference": "Scerri, Eric R. 2007. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Robertson, Murray, and John Emsley. 2005. Visual Elements Periodic Table. Courtesy of the Royal Society of Chemistry Images, \u00a9 1999-2006 by Murray Robertson. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Murray Robertson", "John Emsley"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Visual Elements Periodic Table", "url": "/maps/map/visual_elements_peri_77/", "created": 2005, "label": "Visual Elements Periodic Table", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/133-NYPL_periodic__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T13:16:33.303192", "description": "The Spectrum Chart of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce, also known as the U.S. Frequency Allocations Wall Chart, depicts the radio frequency spectrum allocations to radio services operated within the United States. The chart graphically partitions the radio frequency spectrum\u2014extending from 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz)\u2014into more than 450 frequency bands. Color-coding distinguishes the allocations for the 30 different radio services. This chart helps widely diverse audiences gain a general understanding of U.S. domestic spectrum allocation policies. The chart depicts the allocation decisions that were made by the NTIA and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) up to July 1, 2003; it replaces a similar chart printed by NTIA in 1996. U.S. domestic spectrum uses may differ from international allocations that comply with international regulations or bilateral agreements. Background information is available at http://ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html. ", "reference": "National Telecommunications and Information Administration. 2003. U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart. Accessed July 15, 2007. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/Allochrt.html.

National Telecommunications and Information Administration. 2003. U.S. Frequency Allocations Charts, by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Courtesy of the Office of Spectrum Management. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["National Telecommunications and Information Administration"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "U.S. Frequency Allocations Chart", "url": "/maps/map/us_frequency_allocat_76/", "created": 2003, "label": "U.S. Frequency Allocations Chart", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/135-NYPL_spectrum_small__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T13:14:40.765880", "description": "The Institute for the Future (IFTF) executive director Marina Gorbis, creative director Jean Hagan, and research directors Alex Soojung-Kim Pang and David Pescovitz developed The Science & Technology Outlook for the UK Department of Trade and Innovation as part of a study of future trends in science and technology. The Institute conducted six workshops with scientists, journalists, venture capitalists, research and development managers, graduate students, and postdoctoral students to produce The Outlook, which is the result of the participants\u2019 suggestions. Their ideas are circled and color-coded to correspond to major research areas or trends identified as major drivers. The time scale and dates of events are intentionally fuzzy, reflecting the uncertainty of the enterprise. Similar to most roadmaps, The Outlook is designed to be a functional object, not an ornamental one, and represents a convergence of two formerly distinct practices in futures work. Like many IFTF maps, The Outlook both summarizes the collective wisdom of its experts and findings of its researchers, and supports facilitated processes that shape this wisdom into strategy, policy, and action. ", "reference": "Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim. 2006. \u201cFirst Press on the Delta Scan.\u201d IIFTF\u2019s Future Now: Emerging Technologies and their Implications for the Future. Accessed on March 16, 2010. http://future.iftf.org/2006/12/first_press_on_.html.

Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim, David Pescovitz, Marina Gorbis, and Jean Hagan. 2006. Science & Technology Outlook: 2005-2055. Courtesy of The Institute for the Future. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Alex Soojung-Kim Pang", "David Pescovitz", "Marina Gorbis", "Jean Hagan"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Science & Technology Outlook: 2005-2055", "url": "/maps/map/_science__technology_75/", "created": 2006, "label": "Science & Technology Outlook: 2005-2055", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/75_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T13:12:59.074325", "description": "Conceived by graphic designers Michael Aschauer, Maia Gusberti, and Nik Thoenen, in collaboration with computer scientist Sepp Deinhofer, [./logicaland] is a project study for visualizing our world\u2019s complex economical, political, and social systems. It is an attempt to realize a prototype of a global simulation that is to be controlled by a community of unlimited participants. [./logicaland] is based on a global world model developed by Frederick Kile and Arnold Rabehl in Wisconsin in the mid-seventies. It has been taken out of its original context and adapted into a participative online game. In rounds of play lasting up to 22 hours, the financial and natural resource endowments of 185 states can be manipulated in an interdependent world system. The simulation starts with \u201creal\u201d values from the year 2001, taken from the statistics contained in the CIA\u2019s World Fact Book. The parameter changes made by participants become \u201cvotes\u201d that are polled by the server and fed back into the simulation so that possible effects can be examined. However, a single user\u2019s influence is minimal as it is a fraction of all participants\u2019 actions. Major change requires collective action. To participate in this global simulation, visit http://logicaland.net.", "reference": "Brecke, Peter. 1993. \u201cIntegrated Global Models That Run on Personal Computers.\u201d Simulation 60 (2): 140-144.

Aschauer, Michael, Maia Gusberti, Nik Thoenen, and Sepp Deinhofer. 2002. {./logicaland} Participative Global Simulation. Courtesy of Michael Aschauer, Maia Gusberti and Nik Thoenen, in collaboration with Sepp Deinhofer, re-p.org. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Michael Aschauer", "Nik Thoenen", "Maia Gusberti"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "./logicaland Participative Global Simulation", "url": "/maps/map/logicaland_participa_74/", "created": 2002, "label": "./logicaland Participative Global Simulation", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/74_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T13:08:30.535845", "description": "Writer Rob Bracken, graphic artist Dave Menninger, statistician Michael Poremba, and catalyst Richard Katz created The Oil Age chart to communicate the central role of fossil fuels\u2014especially oil\u2014in the rise and continuing existence of industrial civilization. Virtually everything we consider modern\u2014from cars to air travel to plastics\u2014depends on the empowering force of petroleum, the most energy-dense and versatile substance known to man. The Oil Age chart illuminates the history of oil from critical angles, charting its steady rise in production, mapping its geographical sources, and revealing its deep connection to sociopolitical events. The chart draws on a wide range of sources, including government statistics and the work of leading geologists such as Colin Campbell, whose oil depletion model forms the chart\u2019s central image spanning most of the Oil Age, from 1859 to 2050. By displaying forecasts of oil\u2019s peak and decline in the years ahead, the chart poses a difficult question: How will humanity deal with the inexorable depletion of one of its most valuable resources? To date, the chart has been distributed to every member of the U.S. Congress and donated to more than 2,500 teachers nationwide. ", "reference": "Campbell, Colin J. 2003. The Essence of Oil & Gas Depletion. Essex, UK: Multi-Science Publishing Company.

Bracken, Rob, Dave Menninger, Michael Poremba, and Richard Katz. 2006. The Oil Age: World Oil Production 1859-2050. Courtesy of San Francisco Informatics. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Michael Poremba ", "Richard Katz ", "Dave Menninger ", "Rob Bracken "], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "The Oil Age: World Oil Production 1859 to 2050", "url": "/maps/map/the_oil_age_world_oi_73/", "created": 2006, "label": "The Oil Age: World Oil Production 1859 to 2050", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/73_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:57:44.564112", "description": "This image of Manhattan presents New York literally as a global island. Country shapes are arranged into the form of Manhattan. The circular title reintroduces the shape of the globe. This map is inspired by the international diversity if New York\u2019s residents. New York is a global city in many respects. It is a major hub of the global economy, it attracts world-class talent, and it is a major tourist destination. But the diversity of its residents and their varied contributions make it truly distinct. Each country retains its distinct borders in forming the mosaic of Manhattan. The Global Island suggests that residents from all over the world can coexist, that they are integral to making the City what it is, and they can still retain their separate identities. Rather than a melting pot, the City is a rich mosaic, a microcosm of the world.\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\n\r\n2000 US Census data for citizenship, Tract level.

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\n\r\nArcGIS Software was used to draw countries as data in decimal degrees at a scale of 1:50,000,000. A Census tract map of Manhattan was labeled with the derived citizenship data, drawn at a scale of 1:24,000. Both maps were exported into Adobe Illustrator for manipulation. Countries were placed near the Census Tract where most of their citizens were found, and spaced to fit in relation to the other country shapes.

", "reference": "", "creator": ["Danielle Hartman"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "New York - Global Island", "url": "/maps/map/new_york__global_isl_72/", "created": 2005, "label": "New York - Global Island", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/146-global_city__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:50:55.598640", "description": "This map shows the benefits of integrating technology into the classroom. It contains an underlying spatial substrate that was created with procedural rigor. It reflects the consensus of the concept maps created by 13 graduate students in an education course in which the subject matter was integrating technology into the classroom (Kealy, 2001, p. 345).\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\n\r\nIt is unique in that it was created using the input of an entire class. It is typical in that it has all four elements common to concept maps used in the field of education: (1) nodes, (2) links, (3) connecting words that describe how the nodes are related, and (4) patterns (in this case a spatial ordering of the nodes suggesting their semantic proximity.)

\r\n\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\n\r\nExplicitly labeled connections. The linear connections are a powerful grouping principle that convey to the user the association between concepts. The fact that the connections are explicitly labeled allows the viewer to utilize both textual and spatial memory storage areas of the brain.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nSampling of 13 class members.

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nMulti-dimensional Scaling ('MDS')

", "reference": "Kealy, William A. (2001). Knowledge Maps and Their Use in Computer-Based Collaborative Learning Environments. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 25(4) 325-349.", "creator": ["William A. Kealy"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Benefits of Integrating Technology Into the Classroom", "url": "/maps/map/benefits_of_integrat_71/", "created": 2001, "label": "Benefits of Integrating Technology Into the Classroom", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Kealy_concept__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:46:30.635238", "description": "I have kept every single piece of spam and virus email since mid-1997. Occasionally, it comes in handy, for example, to add na\u00efve Bayesian spam filter to my custom-written email filter. And occasionally I use it to build a chart of spam and virus email. The following chart plots every single piece of spam and virus email that arrived at my work email address since April 1997. Blue dots are spam and red dots are email viruses. The horizontal axis is time, and the vertical axis is size of mail (on a logarithmic scale). Darker dots represent more messages. (Messages larger than 1MB have been treated as if they were 1MB.) Note that this chart is not scientific. Only mail which makes it past the corporate spam and virus filters show up on the chart. Why does so much spam and virus mail get through the filters? Because corporate mail filters cannot take the risk of accidentally classifying valid business email as spam. Consequently, the filters have to make sure to remove something only if they has extremely high confidence that the message is unwanted.", "reference": "Copyright 2005 Raymond Chen", "creator": ["Raymond Chen"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "A visual history of spam (and virus) email", "url": "/maps/map/a_visual_history_of__70/", "created": 2004, "label": "A visual history of spam (and virus) email", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/image001__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:44:25.841868", "description": "This is a concept map showing information about concept maps.\r\n\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\n\r\nExplicitly labeled connections. The linear connections are a powerful grouping principle that convey to the user the association between concepts. The fact that the connections are explicitly labeled allows the viewer to utilize both textual and spatial memory storage areas of the brain.

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\n\r\nSoftware generated spatial layout.

\r\n\r\nProject URL:\r\nhttp://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/index.html\r\nhttp://cmap.ihmc.us/Publications/ResearchPapers/TheoryCmaps/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps.htm\r\n ", "reference": "", "creator": ["Joseph Novak"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": " Concept Maps", "url": "/maps/map/_concept_maps_69/", "created": 2009, "label": " Concept Maps", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Cmap_Concept_Map2__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:42:19.309809", "description": "A map of human physiology from the book \"Bases fisiol\u00f3gicas de la pr\u00e1ctica m\u00e9dica\", from Best & Taylor (Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana). In the book, it comes as a detached 8 page flyer of 55 x 80 cm. and works also as the book organizer.\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\n\r\nA highly interconnected and interdependent domain is mapped from a functional point of view, serving as the reference place from which to understand and study many physiological and clinical concepts and functions. Also interesting are the focus+context \"extractions\" (as we call them) that opens each section of the book. In each one, the present focus of study is shown with it's most direct related things, even if they are \"outside\" it. Note: It is important to see the map in context with the book.Due to the overlap, the book works as the pivotal reference to integrate knowledge.

\r\n\r\n

Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\n\r\nGrouping (by place, size and color). Analogy.\r\nCognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nCity transport as analogy to connections between functions and concepts.\r\nData Used:\r\nDomain knowledge (no \"hard\" data).

\r\n\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\n\r\nNone

\r\n\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\n\r\nIt was done by hand and eye (more art than science in this case)... sizes and colores were designed to show grouping and convey a sense of relative importance, while allowing the reader to \"see\" many routes and levels connected but distinctly \"followable\".

", "reference": "Bases fisiol\u00f3gicas de la pr\u00e1ctica m\u00e9dica, Best & Taylor. 13ava edici\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol por Dvorkin y Cardinalli (coeditores), Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina ", "creator": ["Mario Dvorkin", "Romina Romano", "Eduardo Mercovich"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Mapa fisiologico del cuerpo humano (human physiology map)", "url": "/maps/map/mapa_fisiologico_del_68/", "created": 2004, "label": "Mapa fisiologico del cuerpo humano (human physiology map)", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/111-mapa-fisiologia-best-y-taylor__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:37:21.480282", "description": "Sometimes a picture is worth a thousand words. BBN is the random scatter of green in the middle (early ARPANET). Sprint is the organized star topology in purple near the top. AOL is a gray disconnected island in the lower center. There is little correlation between this network connectivity graph and physical geography, except for a clustering of Pac Rim connectivity.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Ben Worthen", "William Cheswick"], "nifty_fact": "posted on flickr by jurvetson", "category": "Concept", "title": "Internet Splat Map", "url": "/maps/map/internet_splat_map_67/", "created": 2009, "label": "Internet Splat Map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/internet_splat__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:32:02.098446", "description": "The tile map is a useful semi-graphical display for data with seasonal variation. One square (tile) is plotted for each day of the year; the color of the tile shows the level of Ozone concentration in Los Angeles for that day, with lighter shades indicating lower concentration and darker shades showing higher concentrations. (Ed. note: this is true of the B/W version in the printed paper, but not true of the color version shown here, which uses 'elevation mapping' of colors to ozone concentration.) The figure shows the data for the 10 years, 1982 - 1991. Within each year, ozone concentrations are higher in the summer months; Over years, the concentrations in the summer months have decreased.", "reference": "Mintz, D., Fitz-Simons, T. & Wayland, M. \"Tracking Air Quality Trends with SAS/GRAPH\", SUGI 22 Proceedings, 807-812.", "creator": ["David Mintz", "Terence Fitz-Simons", "Michelle Wayland"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Tile Maps for Temporal Patterns", "url": "/maps/map/tile_maps_for_tempor_66/", "created": 2009, "label": "Tile Maps for Temporal Patterns", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/ozone__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:22:58.024357", "description": "This is an example of a moral fantasy map that were common as early as the 16th century. The map displays the domain of courtship. It uses the metaphor of geographic space to portray the route one must travel to win the affection of one\u2019s love interest. The goal of the participant is to move from the bottom of the map to the top while avoiding such undesirable locales as the \u201cLake of Indifference,\u201d the \u201cDangerous Sea,\u201d or the \u201cSea of Enmity.\u201d\r\n\r\nCognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nNon-spatial stages of personal growth are displayed spatially using cartographic metaphors.", "reference": "De Jongh, Charles & Ormeling, Ferjan (2003). Mapping Non-Spatial Phenomena. http://lazarus.elte.hu/cet/publications/proc13-ormeling.htm Orenstein, Gloria Feman, Journey Through Mlle. De Scudery\u2019s Carte De Tendre: A 17th Centruy Salon Woman\u2019s Dream http://www.femspec.org/samples/salon.html", "creator": ["Madeleine de Scud\u00e9ry", "Fran\u00e7ois Chauveau"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Carte du Tendre (Map of Affection or Tenderness) ", "url": "/maps/map/carte_du_tendre_map__65/", "created": 1654, "label": "Carte du Tendre (Map of Affection or Tenderness) ", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/105-cartedutendre__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:20:17.609270", "description": "Map of the USA made with license plates.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Kevin Hutchinson"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "License Plate Map of USA", "url": "/maps/map/license_plate_map_of_64/", "created": 2009, "label": "License Plate Map of USA", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/state_usa__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:18:28.140549", "description": "Photos taken by Bertrand Eberhard at the 2003 exhibition \"l'invention du monde\" at the Centre Georges Pompidou. Exhibit curated by Florence Morat. Photo posted by Lemoox on Flickr.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Bertrand Eberhard"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "where do you live (2)?", "url": "/maps/map/where_do_you_live_2_63/", "created": 2003, "label": "where do you live (2)?", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/feets2__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T12:14:46.296234", "description": "Reminds Svanes of the droll Norwegian film \"Kitchen Stories,\" featuring a Swedish research team that is sent to northern Norway to investigate the kitchen habits of solitary adult men... If you've seen it, you'll know what I mean.\r\n\r\nData Used:\r\n\r\nSvanes did NOT take this photo. however, on her computer, she has an ever evolving file for inspiration pics, and found this image while scrounging around for something else. It came from blueprint magazine and has been in her folder for years. ", "reference": "", "creator": ["posted by Svanes on Flickr"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "The Meal", "url": "/maps/map/the_meal_62/", "created": 2004, "label": "The Meal", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/meal__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T12:08:43.053401", "description": "Created by information scientists Chaomei Chen and Jian Zhang, graphic designer Lisa Kershner, and astrophysicists Michael S. Vogeley, J. Richard Gott III, and Mario Juric, this map represents space, time, and our discoveries of phenomena in both. The image depicts 1) a circular map of the entire universe selectively annotated with discovery dates and the durations of accelerated citation growth; 2) a time spiral of emergent themes from astronomical literature specifically related to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS); and 3) an evolving network of novel topics. More than 600,000 astronomical objects, including some of the most distant quasars discovered by the SDSS, are placed on the map according to their right ascension and the natural logarithm of their distance from Earth. Short-term predictions of research trends can be made by linear extrapolation of the current average citation acceleration rate in the SDSS literature of 3.17 years with a standard deviation of 1.8 years. Candidates for points of growth in the near future are suggested in the network and the time spiral. ", "reference": "Chen, Chaomei and R.J. Paul. 2001. \u201cVisualizing a Knowledge Domain\u2019s Intellectual Structure.\u201d IEEE Computer 34 (3): 65-71.

Chen, Chaomei. 2006. \u201cCiteSpace II: Detecting and Visualizing Emerging Trends and Transient Patterns in Scientific Literature.\u201d Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57 (3): 359\u2013377.

Chen, Chaomei, Jian Zhang, Weizhong Zhu, and Michael S. Vogeley. 2007. \u201cDelineating the Citation Impact of Scientific Discoveries.\u201d Paper presented at the IEEE/ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Vancouver, Canada, June 17\u201322.

Chen, Chaomei, Jian Zhang, Lisa Kershner, Michael S. Vogeley, J. Richard Gott III, and Mario Juric. 2007. Mapping the Universe: Space, Time, Discovery! Courtesy of Drexel University and Princeton University. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Chaomei Chen", "Jian Zhang", "Michael S. Vogeley", "Mario Juric", "Lisa Kershner", "J. Richard Gott, III"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Mapping the Universe: Space. Time. Discovery!", "url": "/maps/map/mapping_the_universe_61/", "created": 2007, "label": "Mapping the Universe: Space. Time. Discovery!", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/166-ChenUniverse__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T12:06:20.016616", "description": "Research programmers Bruce W. Herr II and Russell J. Duhon, graphic designer Elisha F. Hardy, data analyst Shashikant Penumarthy, and information scientist Katy B\u00f6rner develop infrastructures to analyze, model, and map large-scale scholarly datasets. The 113-year Physical Review dataset shown here is one example of this work. The visualization aggregates 389,899 articles published in 720 volumes of 11 journals between 1893 and 2005 using the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) codes introduced in 1975. The 91,762 articles published from 1893 to 1976 take up the left third of the map. The 217,503 articles from 1977 to 2000, for which partial citation and PACS data is available, occupy the middle third on the map. The 80,634 articles from 2001 to 2005, for which complete citation and PACS data is available, fill the last third of the map. On top of this base map, all citations from the papers in every top-level PACS code in 2005 are overlaid. Each year, Thomson Reuters predicts three Nobel Prize awardees in physics based on citation counts, high-impact papers, and discoveries or themes worthy of special recognition. The small Nobel Prize medals indicate all Nobel prize-winning papers, and all correct predictions by Thomson Reuters are highlighted. ", "reference": "B\u00f6rner, Katy, Shashikant Penumarthy, Mark Meiss and Weimao Ke. 2006. \u201cMapping the Diffusion of Information among Major U.S. Research Institutions.\u201d Scientometrics 68 (3): 415-426.

Herr II, Bruce W., Russell Jackson Duhon, Elisha F. Hardy, Shasikant Penumarthy, and Katy B\u00f6rner. 2007. 113 Years of Physical Review. Courtesy of Indiana University. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Bruce W. Herr, II", "Russell J. Duhon", "Shashikant Penumarthy", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "113 Years of Physical Review", "url": "/maps/map/113_years_of_physica_60/", "created": 2007, "label": "113 Years of Physical Review", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/171-PhysRev__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T12:04:31.731798", "description": "Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans share a deep interest in the mapping of science as a platform for planning and evaluation on the national, corporate, and personal levels. Through a multistep process, this galaxy-like map of science was created from citation patterns in 800,000 scientific papers published in 2002. Each dot represents one of 96,000 active research communities. Over time, communities can be born, grow, split, merge, or die. By coupling coefficients between papers, using the VxOrd layout algorithm and a modified single-link clustering routine, Boyack and Klavans were able to calculate the placement of research communities. For example, communities made up solely of papers in biochemistry journals show up in the biochemistry section, while communities that are evenly split between biochemistry and chemistry journals show up midway between biochemistry and chemistry. In 2005, this was the most comprehensive and most accurate literature map ever generated.", "reference": "Klavans, Richard, and Kevin W. Boyack. 2006. \u201cQuantitative Evaluation of Large Maps of Science.\u201d Scientometrics 68 (3): 475-499.

Boyack, Kevin W., and Richard Klavans. 2005. The Structure of Science. Courtesy of Kevin W. Boyack, Sandia National Laboratories and Richard Klavans, SciTech Strategies, Inc. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "The Structure of Science", "url": "/maps/map/the_structure_of_sci_59/", "created": 2005, "label": "The Structure of Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/59_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T12:01:22.093447", "description": "This timeline map of anthrax research by electrical engineer Steven A. Morris uses as raw data a list of relevant research papers and the references they cite. Papers that share many references are assumed to be similar as they appear to draw from the same base knowledge. Similar papers are clustered into groups utilizing the statistical technique of agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Groups of related journal papers are plotted in horizontal tracks by publication date. A clustering tree on the left shows the structure of the topics, with the topic labels appearing on the right. Important events, measured by the number of times a paper has been cited, are indicated on the plot. Note the emergence of new topics at the bottom; this documents the research community\u2019s response to the anthrax postal bioterror attacks in late 2001. ", "reference": "Morris, Steven A., and Kevin W. Boyack. 2005. \u201cVisualizing 60 Years of Anthrax Research.\u201d In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics, edited by Peter Ingwersen and Birger Larsen, 45-55. Stockholm: Karolinska University Press.

Morris, Steven A. 2005. Visualizing 60 Years of Anthrax Research. Courtesy of Steven A. Morris, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Steven Morris"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Timeline of 60 years of anthrax research literature", "url": "/maps/map/timeline_of_60_years_58/", "created": 2005, "label": "Timeline of 60 years of anthrax research literature", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/58_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:58:51.869630", "description": "Sociologist Marc Smith and computer scientist Danyel Fisher created this visualization portraying the activity of 189,144 newsgroups with 257,442,374 postings in 2004. It uses the treemap layout originally introduced by Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland. Each newsgroup is represented by a square. The size of each square corresponds to the number of people who posted at least twice. Color-coding is used to show the increase or decrease in the number of posters compared to the 2003 data: red indicates fewer; green denotes more. Each square is labeled as a literal hierarchy\u2014e.g., \u2018rec.pets\u2019 contains \u2018rec.pets.cats.\u2019 The growth of certain newsgroups, such as \u2018alt.binaries\u2019 (at the bottom left), and the decline of the \u2018comp\u2019 groups (in the middle right) can be seen at a glance. ", "reference": "Fiore, Andrew, and Marc A. Smith. 2001. \u201cTree Map Visualizations of Newsgroups.\u201d Technical Report MSR-TR-2001-94, October 4. Microsoft Corporation Research Group. Accessed August 15, 2009. http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=69889.

Smith, Marc A.,and Danyel Fisher. 2004. Treemap View of 2004 Usenet Returnees. Accessed August 15, 2009. http://microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=69889. Courtesy of Community Technologies Group, Microsoft Research. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Marc Smith", "Danyel Fisher", "Tony Capone"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Treemap View of 2004 Usenet Returnees", "url": "/maps/map/treemap_view_of_2004_57/", "created": 2005, "label": "Treemap View of 2004 Usenet Returnees", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/57_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:54:36.782604", "description": "Designed by artist and computer scientist Martin Wattenberg and computational designer Fernanda B. Vi\u00e9gas, the History Flow visualization technique helps reveal complex records of contributions and collaborations. Among other uses, it can be applied to show the evolution of documents\u2014e.g., Wikipedia entries created by people all over the world. This map shows the edit history of the Wikipedia entry on \u201cAbortion.\u201d A list of color-coded contributing authors to this entry is given on the left. The graph in the middle shows the History Flow visualization where each version of the entry is represented by a vertical line, sorted in time, from left to right. Text contributed by a specific author is represented as a color-coded, horizontal band. Bands are coded by thickness according to the length of the text contributed to a specific version. The right column shows the entry as of April 20th, 2003, at 5:32p.m., color-coded according to the author of the final edit. As the map illustrates, the page has been edited by many different authors and has survived several complete deletions. \r\n", "reference": "Vi\u00e9gas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave. 2004. \u201cStudying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations.\u201d In Proceedings of SIGCHI, 575-582. Vienna: ACM Press.

Wattenberg, Martin and Fernanda B. Vi\u00e9gas. 2006. History Flow Visualization of the Wikipedia Entry \u201cAbortion.\u201d Courtesy of Martin Wattenberg, Fernanda B. Vi\u00e9gas, and IBM Research. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah
MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Martin Wattenberg", "Fernanda Vi\u00e9gas"], "nifty_fact": "Earlier Displays of the exhibit included the History Flow Map on Evolution", "category": "Domain", "title": "History Flow Visualization of the Wikipedia Entry on \u2018Abortion\u2019", "url": "/maps/map/history_flow_visuali_56/", "created": 2008, "label": "History Flow Visualization of the Wikipedia Entry on \u2018Abortion\u2019", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/wattenberg_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:51:33.728065", "description": "Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans create maps of science that can be used for planning and evaluation on the national, corporate, and personal levels. Science itself can be thought of as containing themes and paradigms: themes are current areas of research, while paradigms comprise the dominant tool sets and existing knowledge that are used by current researchers. To visualize these scientific paradigms, Boyack and Klavans used the VxOrd graph layout tool to recursively cluster the 820,000 most important papers referenced in 2003, resulting in 776 paradigms. The most dominant relationships between paradigms were also calculated and are shown as lines between paradigms. The map of scientific paradigms constitutes a reference system that can be used for multiple purposes. Countries, industries, companies, and individual researchers can all locate themselves within the map, either as a single point or as a specific collection of paradigms. Science education and discovery can also be enhanced by linking to the map stories and facts that exemplify content and relationships between scientific paradigms. ", "reference": "Klavans, Richard, and Kevin W. Boyack. 2007. \u201cIs There a Convergent Structure to Science? A Comparison of Maps using the ISI and Scopus Databases.\u201d In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics, edited by Daniel Torres-Salinas and Henk F. Moed, 437-448. Madrid, Spain: Society for Scientific Information and Documentation.

Boyack, Kevin W. & Klavans, Richard. 2006. Map of Scientific Paradigms. Courtesy of Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans, SciTech Strategies, Inc. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "Contributed by Katy B\u00f6rner", "category": "Domain", "title": "Map of Scientific Paradigms", "url": "/maps/map/map_of_scientific_pa_55/", "created": 2006, "label": "Map of Scientific Paradigms", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/boyack-paradigms_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:49:26.630723", "description": "Information scientist Katy B\u00f6rner, graphic designer Elisha F. Hardy, and research programmers Bruce W. Herr II and Todd M. Holloway of the Information Visualization Lab at Indiana University designed and implemented the Taxonomy Visualization (TV) tool in collaboration with interaction designer W. Bradford Paley. The tool supports the semi\u00acautomatic validation and optimization of organization schemas imposed on a data set as a means of structuring and naming. By showing the \u201cgoodness of fit\u201d of a schema and the potentially millions of items it organizes, the TV eases the identification and reclassification of misclassified information entities. It also helps with identifying classes that grew over-proportionally, evaluating the size and homogeneity of existing classes, and examining the \u201cwell-formedness\u201d of an organization schema. The TV shows the organization schema as a hierarchy in which sublevels are indented according to their depth in the hierarchy. Item properties are represented by bar graphs on the left-hand side of the schema. Item and class interrelations are denoted by line overlays. The map displays the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patent classification, which organizes 3 million patents into about 160,000 distinct patent classes. Exemplarily shown are two patents, together with, respectively, their prior art and impact. ", "reference": "B\u00f6rner, Katy, Elisha F. Hardy, Bruce W. Herr II, Todd Holloway, and W. Bradford Paley. 2007. \u201cTaxonomy Visualization in Support of the Semi-Automatic Validation and Optimization of Organizational Schemas.\u201d Journal of Informetrics 1 (3): 214-225.

B\u00f6rner, Katy, Elisha F. Hardy, Bruce W. Herr II, Todd M. Holloway, and W. Bradford Paley. 2006. Taxonomy Visualization of Patent Data. Courtesy of Indiana University and W. Bradford Paley. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah
MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "W. Bradford Paley", "Bruce W. Herr, II", "Todd Holloway", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Taxonomy Visualization of Patent Data", "url": "/maps/map/taxonomy_visualizati_54/", "created": 2006, "label": "Taxonomy Visualization of Patent Data", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/141-TaxonomyValidatorMatted_72dpi__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:47:42.789898", "description": "Interaction designer W. Bradford Paley approached making a map of science indirectly by making a map of four out of five volumes of A History of Science by Henry Smith Williams. The first two volumes are organized in a strictly chronological fashion, so as the book wraps around the right side of the ellipse, it is organized as a timeline. The next two volumes distinguish two major domains\u2014making two timelines\u2014for more recent scientific exploration: the physical sciences (along the bottom left) and the life sciences (top left). Since the scattered words are pulled toward the places where they are used in the text (see the map itself for a better description of the layout), a particular structure emerges: names of individuals appear along the outside, as they are usually mentioned in only one or two places, and concepts that are common to science of all eras (e.g., system, theory, experiment) are pulled to the center, as they are mentioned everywhere. Even more fascinating, subjects that provided the main focus for certain areas are neither near the specific edges nor the general center, but in a local, topical band between the two: e.g., mind, knowledge, and conception during the philosophic beginnings of science; moon, Earth, sun, and stars somewhat later; electricity, light, and forces in the recent physical sciences; and animals, disease, development, and brain in the recent life sciences. ", "reference": "Williams, Henry Smith. 1904. A History of Science. New York: HarperCollins.

Paley, W. Bradford. 2002. TextArc. Accessed June 10, 2008. http://textarc.org.

Paley, W. Bradford. 2006. TextArc Visualization of The History of Science. Courtesy of W. Bradford Paley. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah
MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["W. Bradford Paley"], "nifty_fact": "Contributed by Katy B\u00f6rner", "category": "Domain", "title": "TextArc Visualization of \u201cThe History of Science\u201d", "url": "/maps/map/textarc_visualizatio_53/", "created": 2006, "label": "TextArc Visualization of \u201cThe History of Science\u201d", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/140-TextArcHistoryMatted_72dpi__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:42:01.078773", "description": "Eugene Garfield, founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now Thomson Reuters, introduced \u201cThe Use of Citation Data in Writing the History of Science\u201d in 1964. Forty years later, his HistCite\u2122 tool automatically generates chronological tables and historiographs of topical paper collections. It assists researchers, librarians, and others in the following areas: identifying core papers on a topic in question; understanding the impact of specific authors, papers, and journals; and making sense of the history of old and new research topics. The HistCite\u2122 tables support the interactive display and permit the sorting of papers chronologically as well as by journal, volume, issue number and page, and citation scores. Featuring graphic design by Elisha F. Hardy, concept and design from Katy B\u00f6rner, images provided by Ludmila Pollock, and text from Jan Witkowski, this map compares, contrasts, and combines a modified version of Garfield\u2019s manually created graph published in 1964 (left) with the HistCite\u2122 graph automatically generated in 2006 (right). The 1964 graph shows the network of paper and citation linkages that led to the discovery of the DNA structure published by Watson and Crick in 1953. The HistCite\u2122 graph plots major papers that cite Watson and Crick\u2019s influential work. Find out more about the HistCite\u2122 tool at http://histcite.com.", "reference": "Garfield, Eugene. 2004. \u201cHistoriographic Mapping of Knowledge Domains Literature.\u201d Journal of Information Science 30 (2): 119-145.

Garfield, Eugene, Irving H. Sher, and Richard J. Torpie. 1964. \u201cThe Use of Citation Data in Writing the History of Science.\u201d Report for the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Contract AF49 (638)-1256. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for Scientific Information. Accessed September 30, 2009. http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/useofcitdatawritinghistofsci.pdf.

Garfield, Eugene, Elisha F. Hardy, Katy B\u00f6rner, Ludmila Pollock, and Jan Witkowski. HistCite TM Visualization of DNA Development by Eugene Garfield (HistCite TM ). Courtesy of Eugene Garfield, Thomson Reuters, Indiana University, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Eugene Garfield", "Jan Witkowski", "Elisha F. H. Allgood", "Ludmila Pollock"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "HistCite\u2122 Visualization of DNA Development", "url": "/maps/map/histcite_visualizati_52/", "created": 2006, "label": "HistCite\u2122 Visualization of DNA Development", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/139-histcitenew__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:39:43.021056", "description": "Daniel Zeller\u2019s drawings depict abstract spaces with beauty and inspiring complexity. This drawing conceptualizes science as layers of interconnected scientific fields through a stimulating and creative visual language. Starting with the very first scientific thought, science grows outwards in all directions. Each year, another layer is added to the meteor-shaped manifestation of knowledge. New fields emerge (blue), and established fields (brown) merge, split, or die. The cutout reveals a layering of fat years that produce many new papers and slim years in which few papers are added. Each research field corresponds to a tube-shaped object. Some have very fast growth patterns due to electronic papers that are interlinked within days. Other fields communicate knowledge via books, and years might pass before the first citation bridge is created. Blue tentacles could symbolize the search for opportunities and resources, or activity bursts due to hype and trends. The injection of money (yellow) has a major impact on how science grows, while voids in our knowledge are potentially dangerous or inhabited by monsters. The trajectories of scientists who consume money, write papers, interlink papers via citation bridges, and fight battles on the front lines of research could be overlaid. Yet, scientists are mortal, leaving behind only the knowledge structures that future generations can build upon. ", "reference": "Zeller, Daniel. 2007. Hypothetical Model of the Evolution and Structure of Science. Courtesy of Daniel Zeller. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.", "creator": ["Daniel Zeller"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Hypothetical Model of the Evolution of Science", "url": "/maps/map/hypothetical_model_o_51/", "created": 2007, "label": "Hypothetical Model of the Evolution of Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/51_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:37:27.521151", "description": "Richard Klavans and Kevin W. Boyack share a deep interest in the mapping of science as a valuable tool for planning and evaluation on the national, corporate, and personal levels. The map featured here is based on the largest set of scientific literature mapped by 2007: 7.2 million papers and over 16,000 separate journals, proceedings, and series from a five-year period, 2001-2005. Groups of journals characterizing the disciplines on the map were defined using a metric based on a combination of the bibliographic coupling of references and keyword vectors. A three-dimensional layout of the disciplines (groups of journals) places those disciplines on a sphere, which is then unfolded using a Mercator projection to give a two-dimensional version of the map. A forecast of how the structure of science may change in the near future was generated by evaluating the change in the connectedness of various regions of the map over time. The structure of science is very likely to change in the future, and these maps can show us how. More information can be found at http://mapofscience.com.", "reference": "Klavans, Richard and Kevin W. Boyack. (2006). \u201cQuantitative Evaluation of Large Maps of Science.\u201d Scientometrics 68 (3): 475-499.

Klavans, Richard and Kevin W. Boyack. 2007. Maps of Science: Forecasting Large Trends in Science. Courtesy of Richard Klavans, SciTech Strategies, Inc. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Maps of Science: Forecasting Large Trends in Science", "url": "/maps/map/maps_of_science_fore_50/", "created": 2007, "label": "Maps of Science: Forecasting Large Trends in Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/50_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:35:25.073767", "description": "Developed by research programmers Bruce W. Herr II and Todd M. Holloway, graphic designer Elisha F. Hardy, and information scientists Kevin W. Boyack and Katy B\u00f6rner, this map shows the structure and dynamics of the English Wikipedia based on 659,388 articles and their editing activity. The similarity of each article-article pair was calculated as the number of shared links to other articles. The resulting similarity matrix was read into VxOrd to generate the base map layout. An invisible 37 x 37 half-inch grid was drawn underneath the network and filled with relevant images from key articles. Overlaid are 3,599 math, 6,474 science, and 3,164 technology articles. They are color-coded in blue, green, and yellow, respectively, with all other articles appearing in grey. Exactly 8,181 articles are in one category, 2,348 in two, and 73 in all three categories. The four corners show smaller versions of the map with articles size-coded according to article edit activity (top left), number of major edits from January 1st, 2007, to April 6th, 2007 (top right), number of bursts in edit activity (bottom right), and the number of times other articles link to an article (bottom left). These visualizations serve to highlight current trends and predict future editing activity and growth in Wikipedia articles related to science, technology, and mathematics. Interactive Wikipedia maps are available at http://scimaps.org/web/maps/wikipedia/.", "reference": "Holloway, Todd, Miran Bo\u017ei\u010devi\u0107, and Katy B\u00f6rner. 2007. \u201cAnalyzing and Visualizing the Semantic Converage of Wikipedia and Its Authors.\u201d Complexity 12 (3): 30-40.

Herr II, Bruce W., Todd Holloway, Elisha F. Hardy, Kevin W. Boyack, and Katy B\u00f6rner. 2007. Science-Related Wikipedian Activity. Courtesy of Indiana University. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Bruce W. Herr, II", "Todd Holloway", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Science Related Wikipedian Activity", "url": "/maps/map/science_related_wiki_49/", "created": 2007, "label": "Science Related Wikipedian Activity", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/49_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T11:27:08.714952", "description": "The Center for Research Planning has spent over 25 years improving the modeling process first developed by ISI. For example, the map you see covers 38,000 research communities (a research community is a cluster of papers representing a group of researchers working on the same problem). The spatial relationship between the 38,000 research communities are from a proprietary visualization program developed for Strategies for Science & Technology. Network relationships between these 38,000 research communities are not shown but are available for client studies. These network relationships allow a manager to identify the high performance research that will impact their area of interest. This provides a unique and powerful way to identify emerging areas of science. Scientists can gain a deeper understanding of the context of their research activities. The map of science is especially useful for scientists who are interested in multidisciplinary research or research that draws from discoveries in related disciplines. Journal editors can map out the domains of their journal and utilize quantitative measures for journal strategy and performance. One can assess the ability of a journal to explore new topics that have higher performance characteristics. One can also assess the ability of a journal to abandon old topics that have lower performance characteristics. R&D managers can use the map of science to develop a science strategy for the firm. High impact threats and opportunities can be identified and assessed quickly and effectively. Quantitative indicators of organizational strengths are useful for self-assessments and identification of alliance partners. Corporate managers can use the map of science to communicate and evaluate a firm's science strategy. This high level view of science allows the executive to focus on the broader strategic issues. The ability to drill down for detailed information allows for an informed evaluation of the performance of a firm's science strategy.\r\n\r\nData Used:\r\nBibliographic data from peer reviewed articles from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). \r\n\r\nSpatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nVxOrd (force-directed graph layout).\r\n ", "reference": "Klavans, R. (2000). Presented at the Sackler Symposium on Mapping Science, 2003, Irvine, CA", "creator": ["Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "Based upon a galaxy metaphor", "category": "Domain", "title": "2000 Structure of Science", "url": "/maps/map/2000_structure_of_sc_48/", "created": 2000, "label": "2000 Structure of Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/klavans-mos__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T11:24:53.857038", "description": "

A combination of data consisting of 40 years of literature data from Medline, genes data from Entrez-Gene and protein data from Uniprot were used for this analysis. Techniques like Burst detection were applied to identify highly researched genes and proteins. Co-sine similarity measure was used to identify association between genes, proteins and papers. Data layout was done using VxOrd and VxInsight.

\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nThe graph provides a global view of the melanoma domain.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\nLiterature data from Medline (1960 \u2013 2004), Gene data from Entrez-gene and protein data from Uniprot.

\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nKleinberg\u2019s burst detection algorithm was used to identify the top researched melanoma related genes and proteins. Co-sine similarity was used to obtain similarity measures between papers, genes and proteins.

\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nVxOrd (force-directed graph layout). VxInsight for interactive exploration

", "reference": "Boyack, Kevin W., Mane, Ketan and B\u00f6rner, Katy. (2004). Mapping Medline Papers, Genes, and Proteins Related to Melanoma Research. IV2004 Conference, London, UK, pp. 965-971. ", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Kevin W. Boyack", "Ketan K. Mane"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "Mapping Medline Papers, Genes and Proteins Related to Melanoma Research", "url": "/maps/map/mapping_medline_pape_47/", "created": 2004, "label": "Mapping Medline Papers, Genes and Proteins Related to Melanoma Research", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/boyack-melanoma__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T11:21:40.597340", "description": "This paper aims to demonstrate the power of spatial information systems, in particular, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to represent this type of data in new and interesting ways. Using the dataset used by McCain and White\u2019s, an attempt is made here to show how spatial analysis can contribute to the researcher\u2019s set of analysis tools.\r\nDescription of Unique Features:\r\nUse of spatial methods for the display of non-geographic data.\r\nData Used:\r\nData from 12 key journals of information science reported in White, Howard D., and Katherine W. McCain. (1998), Visualizing a Discipline: An Author Co-citation Analysis of Information Science, 1972-\u00ac1995. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 49(4):327-355.", "reference": "Old, L.J. (2001). Utilizing spatial information systems for non-spatial-data analysis. Scientometrics, 51(3): 563-571. ", "creator": ["John L. Old"], "nifty_fact": "GIS systems \u2013 ESRI\u2019s ArcView", "category": "Domain", "title": "Utilizing spatial information systems for non-spatial-data analysis", "url": "/maps/map/utilizing_spatial_in_46/", "created": 2001, "label": "Utilizing spatial information systems for non-spatial-data analysis", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/old-vis-a-discipline-mountain__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T11:18:53.415753", "description": "The award winning \"StarryNight,\" is a collaboration with Martin Wattenberg and Mark Tribe. The project provides an alternative interface to the Rhizome database linking database objects as constellations in a starry night sky. \"Every Image,\" is a screensaver that feeds off the Rhizome database to browse through text objects and icons associated with it. This work focuses on the visual effect as a network collage. The third piece was the Rhizome logo that was programmed to respond and alter to IP addresses of visitors to the site. For the main portion of evening Alex focused on his work as an artist-programmer, presenting three pieces: \"Drift,\" (working title) \"2-by-2, \" and \"Carnivore.\" \"Drift\" is a screensaver project, done in collaboration with his brother Munro Galloway, to be release on CD-rom. The screensaver mirror the user\u2019s weather and daylight conditions in real-time by identifying the geographic location and time zone of the viewer. \"2-by-2\" is a movie series for the Nintendo GAMEBOY platform. It is a full-length feature film compressed to a duo-tone visual pattern. His largest project to date, \"Carnivore,\" an installation artwork for computer networks using packet-sniffing technologies to create vivid depictions of raw data. The piece is named after the software used by the FBI to perform wiretaps on email. The prototype Alex has created lives on the Rhizome.org server and surveys the data passed in the office, streaming packets of information. On the client side, a selected group of artists-programmers he has been collaborating with, are developing interfaces to explore the potential \"Carnivore\" offers.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Alex Galloway", "Mark Tribe"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "StarryNight", "url": "/maps/map/starrynight_45/", "created": 2002, "label": "StarryNight", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/galloway-starrynight_png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:08:03.077212", "description": "Kevin W. Boyack and Richard Klavans are interested in creating high-quality maps of science that can be used as tools for planning and evaluation on multiple levels. In this work, Boyack and Klavans simplify their Maps of Science: Forecasting Large Trends in Science (featured in the third iteration of this exhibit) into a circular map. The 554 scientific disciplines, representing over 16,000 journals and proceedings, are placed in a logical order around the perimeter of a circle. The resulting \u201ccircle of science\u201d is used as a reference system to show the scientific roots of technology. Over 18,000 inventor-authors from the Scopus publication and United States Patent and Trademark Office databases (2002-2006) were identified to link technological output (patents) from inventors to scientific output (papers) of authors. Authors are located within the circle map at the average position of their scientific papers using the disciplines in which they publish. Patents by these authors are then placed at the authors\u2019 locations on the map. Some patents and classes are tied to one area of science (e.g., \u2018G06F,\u2019 near the edge), while others build on multiple areas of science (e.g., \u2018C07D,\u2019 near the center). Some areas of science (e.g., physics, computer science) are tied to large numbers of patents, while other areas of science (e.g., social sciences) are tied to very few patents. ", "reference": "Boyack, Kevin W., and Richard Klavans. 2008. \u201cMeasuring Science-Technology Interaction Using Rare Inventor-Author Names.\u201d Journal of Informetrics 2 (3): 173-182.

Klavans, Richard, and Kevin W. Boyack. (2010). \u201cToward an Objective, Reliable and Accurate Method for Measuring Research Leadership.\u201d Scientometrics 82 (3): 539-553.

Boyack, Kevin W., and Richard Klavans. 2008. The Scientific Roots of Technology. Courtesy of SciTech Strategies, Inc. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "Richard Klavans"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "The Scientific Roots of Technology", "url": "/maps/map/the_scientific_roots_44/", "created": 2008, "label": "The Scientific Roots of Technology", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/187-SciRoots__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T11:04:59.810234", "description": "This chart by facilitator John Caswell, pattern recognizer and map developer Hazel Tiffany, and digital mapmaker Ian Francis illustrates 4D\u2122, a four-phased method to capture, visualize, and resolve issues around strategy, change, vision, value creation, and transformation in complex organizations. Facilitated conversations (top image) are used to identify and capture major issues in four phases: \u2018Discovery (D1),\u2019 \u2018Development (D2),\u2019 \u2018Decision (D3),\u2019 and \u2018Deployment (D4).\u2019 The \u2018SVT Analysis\u2019 validation matrix (left) presents data captured in D1-D3 and facilitates the exploration of gaps, priorities, implications, and dependencies. The \u2018SVT Workbook\u2019 (upper right) provides a rich record of all sessions, including preparation and analysis. The \u2018SVT Digital System\u2019 (lower right) is an interactive, multimedia system of learning and communication that enables multiple stakeholders to gain access to outcomes, journeys, and scenarios, together with all relevant context. Arrows depict the flow of knowledge from sessions into documented outcomes that communicate the new vision to leaders, stakeholders, and staff directly affected by the changes, building the commitment and support necessary to bring any new strategy to fruition. ", "reference": "Caswell, John, Tiffany Hazel, and Ian Francis. 2008. 4D.TM The Structured Visual Approach to Business Issue Resolution. Courtesy of Group Partners. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.", "creator": ["John Caswell", "Hazel Tiffany", "Ian Francis"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "4D\u2122. The Structured Visual Approach to Business Issue Resolution", "url": "/maps/map/4d_the_structured_vi_43/", "created": 2008, "label": "4D\u2122. The Structured Visual Approach to Business Issue Resolution", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/186-Business__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T10:56:42.409735", "description": "Danny Dorling devised this project and gathered the data together, while Mark E. J. Newman wrote the computer software for making the cartograms and produced the figures themselves, and Graham Allsopp leant his cartographic expertise to many aspects of the project, particularly the poster design. In addition, Anna Barford wrote the text accompanying each map and sourced quotes, Ben Wheeler gave advice and checked for accuracy, John Pritchard developed the website and gathered data, and David Dorling contributed his medical knowledge to the production of technical notes. The map was rendered as an equal-area cartogram, otherwise known as a density-equalizing map. The cartogram resizes each country according to its ecological footprint using a method developed by Gastner and Newman. The generally richer countries of Western Europe, Japan, and the United States have a large ecological footprint denoted by their large area size. Less developed yet highly populated countries such as India and China exhibit a similarly large footprint. Other countries such as Australia and Russia shrink compared to the land area map. The supplementary tables and chart show countries with the largest and smallest ecological footprints. The map is one of more than 500 that make up the Worldmapper project at http://worldmapper.org.", "reference": "Gastner, Michael, and Mark E. J. Newman. 2004. \u201cDiffusion-Based Method for Producing Density-Equalizing Maps.\u201d PNAS 101 (20): 7499-7504.

Dorling, Danny, Mark E. J. Newman, Graham Allsopp, Anna Barford, Ben Wheeler, John Pritchard and David Dorling. 2006. Ecological Footprint. Courtesy of Universities of Sheffield and Michigan. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F.
Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Danny Dorling", "Anna Barford", "Graham Allsopp", "Ben Wheeler", "Mark Newman", "John Pritchard", "David Dorling"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Ecological Footprint", "url": "/maps/map/ecological_footprint_42/", "created": 2006, "label": "Ecological Footprint", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/42_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T10:37:37.505933", "description": "Daniel O. Kutz\u2019s research interests lie in social informatics, interaction design, and information visualization. In collaboration with information scientist Katy B\u00f6rner and graphic designer Elisha F. Hardy, he developed the featured map to understand and communicate visually the intellectual coverage and evolution of the patent space of different patent holders. Patents granted between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 2002, were obtained from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patent archive. A simple graph shows the 140% increase in the number of patents granted over the last 25 years. The 2.5 million patents are further grouped by their classification, and changes in the number of patents per class were examined in five-year intervals. Classes that experienced slow or rapid growth are depicted and contrasted using treemaps, a space-filling technique developed at the Human-Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland. To compare the evolving patent holdings of Apple Computers and a private patent holder, treemaps were placed in a time sequence. Longitudinal comparison at the classification level becomes possible, revealing an assignee\u2019s past and current intellectual borders, patenting behavior, and maybe even a general understanding of research and development trends. ", "reference": "Kutz, Daniel. 2004. \u201cExamining the Evolution and Distribution of Patent Classifications.\u201d In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Visualisation, 983-988. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.

Kutz, Daniel O., Katy B\u00f6rner, and Elisha F. Hardy. 2004. Examining the Evolution and Distribution of Patent Classifications. Courtesy of Indiana University. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Katy B\u00f6rner", "Daniel O. Kutz", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Examining the Evolution and Distribution of Patent Classifications", "url": "/maps/map/examining_the_evolut_41/", "created": 2004, "label": "Examining the Evolution and Distribution of Patent Classifications", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/177-Patents__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T10:32:52.390768", "description": "The late artist Mark Lombardi is well known for his large-scale flow charts of major political and financial scandals. Unlike most works of art, his maps do not depict the hypothetical or imaginary but are rendered based on facts from mainstream publications like the New York Times,Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times. Lombardi carefully organized these facts in a handwritten database of over 14,000 cross-referenced index cards. He iteratively composed his \u201cnarrative structures\u201d in his medium of choice: colored pencil and graphite on paper. This map shows the fifth version of a chart that focuses on the conjunction of illegal arms dealing by Chinese nationalists in Los Angeles and possible White House campaign-finance corruption. Two layers of information are presented: essential elements of the story in black, and major lawsuits, criminal indictments, and other legal actions taken against the parties in red. Interconnections of different types are revealed: a solid arrow represents influence or control; a double arrow, mutual relationship or association; a dashed arrow, flow of money, loans, or credits; a squiggle, the sale or transfer of an asset; and a double hyphen, a blocked or incomplete transaction. Line labels further detail relationships and dollar amounts. ", "reference": "Hobbs, Robert. 2003. Mark Lombardi: Global Networks. New York: Independent Curators International.

Pierogi Gallery. 2005. \u201cMark Lombardi.\u201d Pierogi Gallery 2000. Accessed October 30, 2007. http://www.pierogi2000.com/flatfile/lombardi.html.

Lombardi, Mark. 1999. Bill Clinton, the Lippo Group, and China Ocean Shipping Co. a.k.a. COSCO, Little Rock\u2014Jakarta\u2014Hong Kong, ca. 1990s (5th version). Courtesy of Pierogi Gallery. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org

", "creator": ["Mark Lombardi"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Bill Clinton, the Lippo Group, and China Ocean Shipping Co. a.k.a. COSCO, Little Rock \u2013 Jakarta \u2013 Hong Kong, ca. 1990s (5th version)", "url": "/maps/map/bill_clinton_the_lip_40/", "created": 1999, "label": "Bill Clinton, the Lippo Group, and China Ocean Shipping Co. a.k.a. COSCO, Little Rock \u2013 Jakarta \u2013 Hong Kong, ca. 1990s (5th version)", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/40_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T10:13:31.330792", "description": "R. Buckminster Fuller, the noted visionary and applied futurist, was one of the first to chart long-term trends of industrialization and globalization as early as the 1930s. In 1961, Fuller made a proposal to the International Union of Architects at their VIIth Congress to encourage architectural schools around the world to commit the next ten years to addressing how to make the world\u2019s total resources, which then served only 40% of the world population, serve 100% of humanity. This was the beginning of a World Design Science Decade (WDSD), an international program to apply his strategies for Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science. The program itself never took off; however, the documents themselves reveal early ecological thinking in the 20th century. This trend chart from Document 6, produced by Fuller and his associate John McHale, shows how the confluence of human communication and transportation technologies produce a \u201cshrinking Earth.\u201d During the same decade that Gordon E. Moore predicted the acceleration curve of computing technologies (Moore\u2019s Law), Fuller applied his comprehensive approach to map the global impact of what he termed \u201caccelerating acceleration\u201d and \u201cephemeralization.\u201d ", "reference": "Applewhite, E.J., and R. Buckminster Fuller. 1975. Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking. New York: Macmillan.

Buckminster Fuller Institute. 2007. \u201cIntroduction to Buckminster Fuller\u2019s World Game.\u201d World Game: The Buckminster Fuller Institute. Accessed October 30, 2007. http://www.bfi.org/taxonomy/term/170/all.

Fuller, R. Buckminster. 1981. Critical Path. New York, NY: St. Martin\u2019s Press.

Fuller, R. Buckminster. 1973. Earth, Inc. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.

Fuller, R. Buckminster. 1969. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Fuller, R. Buckminster, and Anwar Dil. 1983. Humans in Universe. New York: Mouton.

Wikimedia Foundation. \u201cBuckminster Fuller.\u201d Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 2007. Accessed October 30th, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller.

Zung, Thomas T.K. 2001. Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millenium. New York: St. Matin\u2019s Press.

Fuller, R. Buckminster, and John McHale. 1965. Shrinking of Our Planet. Courtesy of the Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Buckminster Fuller", "John McHale, Sr."], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Shrinking of Our Planet ", "url": "/maps/map/shrinking_of_our_pla_39/", "created": 1965, "label": "Shrinking of Our Planet ", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/39_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T09:58:47.254803", "description": "Over the last 20 years, sculptor and media artist Ingo G\u00fcnther has mapped social, scientific, political, and economic data on globes as navigational guides in a globalized world. The Worldprocessor #286 globe featured here plots the total number of patents granted worldwide, beginning with nearly 50,000 in 1883, reaching 650,000 in 1993 (near the North Pole), and rapidly approaching 1 million in 2002 (in the southern hemisphere). Geographic regions where countries offer environments conducive to fostering innovation are represented by topology. Additionally, nations where residents are granted an average of 500 or more U.S. patents per year are called out in red by their respective averages in the years after 2000. View the complete set of more than 300 Worldprocessor globes at http://worldprocessor.org. ", "reference": "G\u00fcnther, Ingo. 2005. WorldProcessor. Chiayi Art Festival on the Tropic of Cancer. Ji-Tung Art Printing.

G\u00fcnther, Ingo. 2006. WorldProcessor: Zones of Invention\u2014Patterns of Patents. Courtesy of Ingo G\u00fcnther. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Ingo G\u00fcnther"], "nifty_fact": "contributed by Katy B\u00f6rner", "category": "Domain", "title": "Zones of Invention - Patterns of Patents", "url": "/maps/map/zones_of_invention___38/", "created": 2006, "label": "Zones of Invention - Patterns of Patents", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/38________jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-14T09:55:48.735857", "description": "The conjunction of old and new technologies is at the heart of the book Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed by David Rumsey and Edith M. Punt, the cover of which is shown here. Maps featured in the book tell a hundred distinct, exciting, important, and sometimes controversial stories. The stories follow along two main paths of inquiry: How did a continental wilderness become a civilization; and how has the development of cartographic science changed the ways we perceive, describe, study, and use that land? Cartographica Extraordinaire offers stunning reproductions from the renowned David Rumsey Map Collection\u2014one of the largest and most complete of its kind. Focused for the most part on North and South America in the 18th and 19th centuries, the collection comprises more than 150,000 items: maps, atlases, and contextual supporting documents. Unlike similar collections, the delicacy and rarity of which necessitate careful storage and restricted-use policies, maps in the collection are available in growing numbers on the Web at http://davidrumsey.com.", "reference": "Rumsey, David, and Edith M. Punt. 2004. Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.

Rumsey, David, and Edith M. Punt. 2003. Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed. Courtesy of ESRI Press. Copyright \u00a9 2004 David Rumsey, ESRI, Digital Globe Inc., MassGIS. All rights reserved. In \u201c2nd Iteration (2006): The Power of Reference Systems,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Deborah
MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["David Rumsey", "Edith M. Punt"], "nifty_fact": "Contributed by Deborah MacPherson", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed", "url": "/maps/map/cartographica_extrao_37/", "created": 2004, "label": "Cartographica Extraordinaire: The Historical Map Transformed", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/37_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T09:53:51.363558", "description": "A map of the people Mitchkitter knows", "reference": "", "creator": ["Mitchkitter"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "peopleiknow", "url": "/maps/map/peopleiknow_36/", "created": 2005, "label": "peopleiknow", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/peopleiknow__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T09:44:33.853973", "description": "The Chronic Poverty Centre has just published a Chronic Poverty Report, which measures chronic poverty as the amount of people who spend most or all of the time in destitution, i.e. on an income of less than $1 a day. It is interesting stuff, but one thing really grabs the attention: this map (click for a larger version) of chronic poverty around the world, where the size of a country represents its number of chronically poor, and its shade the proportion of the whole population who are chronically poor.\r\nData Used:\r\nThe map shown above is only a preliminary version, as it is based on only a few dozen full country datasets. However, it would be perfectly possible to do a similar map for ordinary $1-a-day poverty, as the World Bank has those figures for most countries in the world. Make Poverty History.org asks \"Any volunteers?\"", "reference": "http://idpm.man.ac.uk/cprc/Conference/conferencepapers.htm", "creator": ["The Chronic Poverty Centre"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "You are not here: A world poverty map", "url": "/maps/map/you_are_not_here_a_w_35/", "created": 2004, "label": "You are not here: A world poverty map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/chronicpovertylarge__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T09:37:50.827849", "description": "Sebastian M\u00fcnster was the first mapmaker to produce separate maps of the four known continents. The woodcut map shown here is a version of the first map to show North and South America connected to each other but separate from any other land mass. The map was originally published in M\u00fcnster\u2019s edition of Ptolemy\u2019s Geographia and in M\u00fcnster\u2019s masterwork, Cosmographia in 1544. Cosmographia was one of the most influential works on geography in the mid-sixteenth century; it was translated into five languages and published in forty different editions. M\u00fcnster\u2019s map was the most widely circulated New World map of its time. It depicts the false Sea of Verrazano and the Northwest Passage and presents a view of North America that precedes the Spanish explorations to the interior of the continent (were widely known). ", "reference": "www.floridahistory.com", "creator": ["Sebastian M\u00fcnster"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Spanish Map of the World from 1544", "url": "/maps/map/spanish_map_of_the_w_34/", "created": 1554, "label": "Spanish Map of the World from 1544", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/1544_spanish__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T09:31:20.018218", "description": "This \"octant\" map is dated approximately 1514. The sphere of the globe was divided into eight equilateral spherical triangles, each section bounded by the equator and two meridians 90% apart. This was the first map of its kind. It is noteworthy for at least two other reasons: (1) it was one of the first world maps that used the name \"America,\" and (2) it was one of the first world maps to lay down a south-polar continent. Some critics believe the map was not really a work by Leonardo himself, since the accuracy and mastery in drawing are not reflective of da Vinci's usual high standards. It was more likely done by some trustworthy clerk or copyist under da Vinci's employment. ", "reference": "", "creator": ["Leonardo da Vinci"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Mappamundi", "url": "/maps/map/mappamundi_33/", "created": 1514, "label": "Mappamundi", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/mappamundi__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T09:23:25.609462", "description": "An early map of science and the connections between disciplines.", "reference": "", "creator": ["H. J. T. Ellingham"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "A Chart Illustrating Some of the Relations Between the Branches of Natural Science and Technology,", "url": "/maps/map/a_chart_illustrating_32/", "created": 1948, "label": "A Chart Illustrating Some of the Relations Between the Branches of Natural Science and Technology,", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/RoyalSocietyScienceMap2__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-14T09:19:32.878246", "description": "An important demonstration of concept mapping.", "reference": "Swanson, D.R., & Smalheiser, N.R. (1997). An interactive system for finding complementary literatures: A stimulus to scientific discovery. Artificial Intelligence, 91:183\u2013203.", "creator": ["Don R. Swanson", "Neil R. Smalheiser"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Concept", "title": "Knowledge discovery in un-connected complementary literatures", "url": "/maps/map/knowledge_discovery__31/", "created": 1997, "label": "Knowledge discovery in un-connected complementary literatures", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/swanson__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-13T14:20:20.803783", "description": "Henry G. Small has pioneered mapping the structure of science based on scholarly publications, yet independent of existing disciplinary categories. The very first map of all of science is shown here. A combination of fractional citation counting and co-citation clustering via multidimensional scaling was used to extract four nested levels of clustering via single and complete linkage. Major disciplines of science emerge from a bottom-up aggregation of highly cited papers. They are displayed in two dimensions, using an order-dependent, geometric triangulation process that produces a unified hierarchical arrangement of documents. Each circle contains a map of similar construction at a lower level of aggregation. Circle size corresponds to the number of citations received by documents in each cluster. Links among circles represent aggregate document co-citations. The original setup facilitated interactive exploration of the nested hierarchy of scientific disciplines. ", "reference": "Small, Henry. 1999. \u201cVisualizing Science by Citation Mapping.\u201d Journal of the American Society for Information Science 50 (9): 799-813.

Small, Henry. 1999. 1996 Map of Science: A Network Representation of the 43 Fourth-Level Clusters Based on Data from the 1996 Science Citation Index. Courtesy of Henry Small, Thomson Reuters. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Henry Small"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "1996 Map of Science: A Network Representation of the 43 Fourth Level Clusters Based on Data from the 1996 Science Citation Index", "url": "/maps/map/1996_map_of_science__30/", "created": 1999, "label": "1996 Map of Science: A Network Representation of the 43 Fourth Level Clusters Based on Data from the 1996 Science Citation Index", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/30_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-13T14:14:36.911185", "description": "This visualization shows the inter-relationships of all articles published in the 2006 Society for Neuroscience Proceedings.\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\n\r\nThis visualization combines a static large-scale map with interactive elements. Elements include level-specific labeling and interactive selection of articles for exploration.\r\nVisual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nArticles are color coded by the category assigned to them.

\r\n\r\n

Data Used:\r\n\r\n2006 Society for Neuroscience conference Proceedings.

\r\n\r\n ", "reference": "", "creator": ["Bruce W. Herr, II", "Gully Burns (USC)", "David Newman (UCI)"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": " Society for Neuroscience, 2006 Visual Browser", "url": "/maps/map/_society_for_neurosc_29/", "created": 2007, "label": " Society for Neuroscience, 2006 Visual Browser", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/175-neurovis__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T14:57:02.524891", "description": "Macro photo of the London A-Z at an appropriate page! ", "reference": "", "creator": ["Darquati (Flickr)"], "nifty_fact": "at the link site, the map is interactive", "category": "Concept", "title": " South Kensington: a new perspective", "url": "/maps/map/_south_kensington_a__28/", "created": 2004, "label": " South Kensington: a new perspective", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/south_kensington__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T14:46:22.685627", "description": "Maps organize information. Most pinpoint geographic locations relative to each other. The Map of Humanity also organizes information, but instead of doing it geographically, the map organizes the locations on the basis of moral, emotional, and cultural significance.\r\n\r\nThe continents of this restructuring rest upon the sea of the unconscious, the stormy basis of our thought. The land that emerges from it's broken into three main continents, each related to an aspect of the human mind: superego, ego, and id.\r\n\r\nThe superego is dominated by our higher aspirations. It is our moral centre, where our sense of compassion, love, and virtue reside. Hope, family, kindness, and beauty dwell here amongst the peaceful fields and tranquil cities.\r\n\r\nThe ego is dominated by reason, rational thought, and order. It is the land of science, where nature is harnessed by the human mind; and order and reason hold sway over emotion and passion.\r\n\r\nThe id is the dark continent, dominated by our primitive, animalistic urges. Here hate, greed, avarice, lust, and bigotry run rampant, and war devolves into atrocity. This is the world of our making, carved out of our actions, built upon the collective achievements of the human race.\r\n\r\nIt is an attempt to map the last six thousand years of human history and thought upon a theoretical geography to discover a sense of what kind of civilization humanity has attained. And like the geography of human nations, it is in constant flux, changing and growing as long as mankind walks the face of the earth.\r\n\r\nThe first version of the map was made as an intaglio print in 1993, but as all the locations had to be written out not only by hand but backwards by hand, the number of locations I could (and was willing to) include was obviously limited. In 2000 I felt I had a computer powerful enough to do a more ambitious, digital version. I pushed it till it reached the limits of what my computer could do, and this accounts for some of the odd errors on the map. That and my own poor spelling.\r\n\r\nAdmittedly, the scope of the idea is so vast it is unquestionably impossible to fully realize, but an interesting piece can still result from the effort. It is the journey that counts.\r\n\r\nA lot has happened since 2001, and eventually it will have to be updated again. There is lots to fix, lots to add, lots to update.\r\n\r\nThe Map of Humanity 3.0 I envision as a collaborative effort. This is my fantasy version, so big in scope as to be just silly. Well. Sillier, at any rate. A vast database of information would be assembled with the help of experts knowledgeable in mythology, literature, urbanology, and, well, everything. It would then be run through a computer program and plotted out. A fractal program could generate the coastlines. Some kind of clustering filter would have to be applied to the locations to get interesting landmasses out of the input. It could be updated every year or two. New land formations, new mountains, rivers, and roads would appear as events unfold, old ones wither away. Cities would change location as what they symbolize changes. I think that would be really neat.\r\nDescription of Unique Features:\r\nFrom the mythical cradle of human thought in the Garden of Eden, to the farthest reaches of human imagination, the map plots out mankind\u2019s achievements, trials, and tribulations throughout history. We have constructed a world made up of our own actions and beliefs, as much as the one formed by the land we live on. The map of humanity is formed by our thought, our feelings, our dreams, and our nightmares.\r\nData Used:\r\nEverything I could get my hands on. Limited by my ignorance and laziness.\r\nData Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nFlawed but ambitious.", "reference": "", "creator": ["James Turner", "original print from 1993"], "nifty_fact": "Plotted out point by individual point in Adobe Illustrator using a mouse.", "category": "Concept", "title": "Map of Humanity", "url": "/maps/map/map_of_humanity_27/", "created": 1993, "label": "Map of Humanity", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/172-MapHumanityAug_2500__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-12T14:24:14.336974", "description": "Johannes Janssonius, more commonly known as Jan Jansson, was one of the first Europeans to create maps of the New World. Two maps from this era became prototypes: the 1612 map of Virginia by John Smith and the 1651 map of New England by Jansson. Their general layouts were extensively copied from one mapmaker to another. This map is based on De Laet\u2019s rare map of 1630 and is actually the third iteration of Jansson\u2019s 1636 Nova Anglia, Novvm Belgivm et Virginia. This map was influential because it showed all of the current Dutch holdings from New England to Virginia. It is widely considered to be one of the first maps to contain the place name \u201cMassachusets.\u201d It also depicts \u201cNew Amsterdam\u201d (New York), which was founded less than 20 years prior. Europeans\u2019 increased interest after 1600 in the colonization of North America is concisely shown here and developed partially because of this map. ", "reference": "Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography. 2010. \u201cThe John Smith Map of Virginia: Derivations and Derivatives.\u201d The Newberry Library. Accessed July 15, 2007. http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss24.html.

Smith, John. 1612. \u201cVirginia\u2026Discovered and Described by Captayn John Derivatives.\u201d In A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion, edited by Joseph Barnes. Oxford: Joseph Barnes.

Jansson, Jan. 1642. Nova Anglia, Novvm Belgivm et Virginia. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, DC. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Jan Jansson"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Nova Anglia, Novvm Belgivm et Virginia", "url": "/maps/map/nova_anglia_novvm_be_26/", "created": 1642, "label": "Nova Anglia, Novvm Belgivm et Virginia", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/26_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-12T14:22:11.995495", "description": "At the turn of the 17th century, Herman Moll was the most famous map publisher in England. He was also the first cartographer to create an elegant map of England that correctly portrayed its shape. His style combined time-consuming embellishment with bold, clear lettering to highlight important information. Moll prided himself on his work and publicly rebuked mapmakers who republished preexisting maps under new titles without having investigated their accuracy or completion\u2014as this could prove fatal in cases where known depths of water and sands were omitted. This map is a hand-colored, engraved double-hemisphere of the whole world, featuring California as an island, a popular misconception at the time. The continents are represented by 12 allegorical figures surrounded by plants native to these lands. The long note at the top left discusses the trade winds indicated by arrows throughout the map.", "reference": "Moll, Herman. 1736. Atlas Minor. Or a New and Curious Set of Sixty-Two Maps. . . . London: Thos. Bowles and John Bowles.

Moll, Herman. 1736. A New Map of the Whole World with the Trade Winds According to the Latest and Most Exact Observations. Courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, Cartography Associates, San Francisco, CA. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Herman Moll"], "nifty_fact": "Courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, Cartography Associates", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "A New Map of the Whole World with the Trade Winds According to the Latest and Most Exact Observations", "url": "/maps/map/a_new_map_of_the_who_25/", "created": 1736, "label": "A New Map of the Whole World with the Trade Winds According to the Latest and Most Exact Observations", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/top10-moll__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-12T14:19:55.874242", "description": "In 2007, physicists Vittoria Colizza and Alessandro Vespignani developed a large-scale, stochastic, spatial-transmission model to study epidemic spread patterns. In collaboration with graphic designer Elisha F. Hardy, they visualized those modeling results through a map that illustrates the global spreading of emerging infectious diseases. Detailed knowledge of the worldwide population distribution and movement patterns of individuals by air travel is explicitly incorporated into the model to describe the spatio\u00actemporal evolution of epidemics in our highly interconnected and globalized world. Simulation results can be used to identify the main mechanisms behind observed propagation patterns (e.g., the patched and heterogeneous spreading of the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003) and to provide forecasts for future emerging infectious diseases (e.g., a newly emerging influenza pandemic). Such maps might be of crucial help in the identification, design, and implementation of appropriate intervention strategies aimed at possible containment. ", "reference": "Colizza, Vittoria, Alain Barrat, Marc Barth\u00e9lemy, and Alessandro Vespignani. 2006. \u201cThe Role of the Airline Transportation Network in the Prediction and Predictability of Global Epidemics.\u201d PNAS 103 (7) : 2015-2020.

Colizza, Vittoria, Alessandro Vespignani, and Elisha F. Hardy. 2007. Impact of Air Travel on Global Spread of Infectious Diseases. Courtesy of Indiana University. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Vittoria Colizza", "Alessandro Vespignani", "Elisha F. H. Allgood"], "nifty_fact": "see also http://epic.slis.indiana.edu for further work on epidemiological forecasting", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Impact of Air Travel on Global Spread of Infectious Diseases", "url": "/maps/map/impact_of_air_travel_24/", "created": 2007, "label": "Impact of Air Travel on Global Spread of Infectious Diseases", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/162-epidemics___jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-12T14:13:00.009434", "description": "Scientists from the UNAVCO Consortium in Boulder, Colorado, and at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, created Jules Verne Voyager, a precision interactive map tool. This tool allows users to create \u201cmaps on demand\u201d using wide ranges of base maps, geophysical overlays, and geographical information. Created by geophysicists Michael W. Hamburger and Charles Meertens, and graphic designer Elisha F. Hardy, the seismic hazard map shown here was derived from the International Lithosphere Program and the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program. It uses a model built from historical seismicity catalogs and geologic and geodetic data to predict the frequency, location, and magnitude of earthquakes. Seismic hazard is represented in probabilistic fashion, as the peak ground acceleration (in meters/second2) with a 10% chance of exceedance in a 50-year period. The inset maps along the bottom show the topographic, seismologic, volcanic, and tectonic data for several of the major seismically active plate boundaries that comprise the \u201cRing of Fire\u201d surrounding Asia, Europe, North and South America, and the western Pacific. Arrows indicate the inferred direction of motion of the Earth\u2019s crust with respect to an arbitrarily \u201cfixed\u201d plate at the center of each map. Find out more about this interactive map tool at http://jules.unavco.org.", "reference": "UNAVCO Facility. 2010. Jules Map Server Home Page. Accessed February 5, 2010. http://jules.unavco.org.

Hamburger, Michael W., Charles Meertens, and Elisha F. Hardy. 2007. Tectonic Movements and Earthquake Hazard Predictions. Courtesy of Indiana University and UNAVCO Consortium. In \u201c3rd Iteration (2007): The Power of Forecasts,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Julie M. Davis. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Chuck Meertens", "Lou Estey", "Elisha F. H. Allgood", "Michael W. Hamburger"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Tectonic Movements and Earthquake Hazard Predictions", "url": "/maps/map/tectonic_movements_a_23/", "created": 2007, "label": "Tectonic Movements and Earthquake Hazard Predictions", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/23_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T14:10:47.460398", "description": "Known terrain boundaries in the mid-Atlantic GEON testbed region are indicated as colored regions. Red lines are mapped faults in the region.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Dogan Seber"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Mid-Atlantic Region-Eastern U.S.", "url": "/maps/map/midatlantic_regionea_22/", "created": 2000, "label": "Mid-Atlantic Region-Eastern U.S.", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/doga__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T14:08:58.669551", "description": "

This world is more earth-like than Pearl, having a vast world-wide ocean covering it from pole to pole. The map shows about one sixth of the planet. Like the map of Karishikar, this one also underwent damage by banana slugs, the entire left edge of the map shows quite a bit of the damage. The original is an octogon inscribed in 12 inch circle, done in colored pencil, paint and ink on parchment paper.

\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nPearl gets its name from legends about its creation and an unusual geographic feature which lends credence to those legends. The legend has it that Pearl was once just that, a bead on the necklace of the creator goddess. The geologic feature is the Omphalos, the navel of the world, a vast bottomless pit centered on the rotational pole. It is believed that this pit passes all the way through the world and was where the threads went through to string the goddess' necklace. East, West, North and South have little meaning on Pearl because the habitable lands are centered on the pole (map).

The directions used by the inhabitants speak of poleward, and its opposite, oot, meaning towards the equator. These replace our north and south, but is the one pole the north pole or the south pole? Instead of east and west, they use clockwise and counterclockwise. Bear this in mind when reading the text descriptions of the images.

\r\n

Data Used:\r\nAn amazing piece of software, Bryce, allows me to make pictures that come much closer to what Pearl looks like in my mind than any of my previous drawings. Those drawings were never intended to be landscapes, but instead were hand-drawn maps which may have been created by inhabitants of those worlds. The map page has been very popular ever since I drew maps of Riven.

\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nLocal explorations of Pearl have been my obsession of late, rendering image after image of the same scene at slightly different angles to produce a MYST-like walk-around. A few new concepts along these lines show up with names including the string, \"inch.\"

", "reference": "", "creator": ["Ruth Fry (Calyxa)"], "nifty_fact": "not all cartography is based upon fact", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Octagonal World", "url": "/maps/map/octagonal_world_21/", "created": 1999, "label": "Octagonal World", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/octworldlarge__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-12T13:57:34.836449", "description": "

Here we have arranged the same papers on a more familiar map. Each tiny glyph on the map represents not cities, but a number of papers that have an author in that location. In the field of Information Visualization there is an expectation that if you show the same data in two different views you can get a better feel for it, much as an architect will look at both floor plan and elevations to understand a building. But how can we tell where in the world papers in one topic node were published? Or what topics are studied in a specific geographic location? We simply paint them to look the same in both views.

The InfoVis technique called \u201cbrushing and linking\u201d lets you do exactly that. Paint a location (by brushing your finger over an area on the lectern\u2019s touchscreen) and it will glow on the geographic map. Since the views are linked by the computer, it can paint topics studied in that area on the topic map: the brighter a topic glows, the more papers on that topic originated in your brushed area. Conversely, touching a topic node will tell you where in the world that topic is studied.

We use a display technique called \u201cIlluminated Diagrams\u201d to add the flexibility of an interactive program to the incredibly high data density of a print. This technique is generally useful when there is too much pertinent data to be displayed on a screen but the data is relatively stable. The computer can direct the eye to what\u2019s important by using projectors as smart spotlights, animating stories in the static data (such as the spread of an idea\u2019s influence), giving a radar-like \u201cgrand tour\u201d of science, or highlighting query results (as when you touch the lectern) with an overlay of moving light.

\r\n ", "reference": "Boyack, Kevin W. (scientometrics and data shaping), Dick Klavans (scientometrics and node layout), W. Bradford Paley (typography, graphics, and interaction design), John Burgoon (geographic mapmaking) and Peter Kennard (system design and programming). (2006). Illuminated Diagram of Topic Map and Geographic Map. In Katy B\u00f6rner & Elisha F. Hardy (Eds.), Additional Exhibit Elements. Places and Spaces: Mapping Science. http://scimaps.org (accessed 5/21/2010).", "creator": ["Kevin W. Boyack", "John Burgoon", "Richard Klavans", "W. Bradford Paley", "Peter Kennard"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Illuminated Diagram: Map of Science", "url": "/maps/map/illuminated_diagram__19/", "created": 2006, "label": "Illuminated Diagram: Map of Science", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/19_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:53:50.250406", "description": "Dynamic Mapping for Rapid Response & Humanitarian Relief - The Tsunami Before/After maps demonstrate that geographic data on the sphere in realistic zoomable formats enables accurate decision making and more coordinated rapid response. These maps represent a confluence of three different types of technology: the integration of high resolution satellite imagery from various sources, GIS data layers and a dynamic \u201cfly-through\u201d Earth display system. Graham and Frost processed high resolution QuickBird satellite imagery of the area hardest hit by the December 2004 tsunami - Banda Aceh in Southeast Asia. Working with GeoFusion to load this imagery into the GeoMatrix streaming tile server, they blended the before-and-after images and created 3D fly-throughs from a global view down to the hardest hit areas. These images were quickly made available on a secure server hosted at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) for access by relief workers and decision makers in Southeast Asia.\r\n\r\n

Description of Unique Features:\r\nThe most unique aspect of this visualization was its ability to help people who needed quick, layered information for humanitarian relief efforts. The ultra-fast urban planning these up to date satellite views enabled will have long-term impacts on the affected people and their way of life. They represent an important breakthrough in high performance, web-accessible geovisualization and mapping.

\r\n

Visual Perception or Design Principles Applied:\r\nThis is the first dynamic 3D geobrowser to combine quick access to high performance, high resolution realtime satellite data enabling comparison views over the World Wide Web.

\r\n

Cognitive Principles or Metaphors Employed:\r\nRealistic geographic imagery and cartographic metaphors

\r\n

Data Used:\r\nDigital Globe, Earthstar Geographics and NASA satellite imagery

\r\n

Data Analysis Techniques Applied:\r\nThis combined high performance spherical geovisualization through the GeoMatrix geographic projection and square polar projection, efficient, fine-grained level-of-detail (LOD) calculation, fast data processing by Silicon Graphics Prism visualization system and quick output through a trusted, secure network server.

\r\n

Spatial Layout Techniques Applied:\r\nGeoFusio\u2019s \u201cGeoMatrix\u201d engine for dynamic spherical, fly-down views, of Earth

\r\n\r\n", "reference": "CITI, the San Diego State University Center for Information Technology and Infrastructure", "creator": ["John Graham", "Eric Frost"], "nifty_fact": "Contributed to the Scimaps collection by Bonnie Devarco", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Tsunami Before/After", "url": "/maps/map/tsunami_beforeafter_18/", "created": 2005, "label": "Tsunami Before/After", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/tsunami_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:49:00.515234", "description": "

Waldseem\u00fcller was one of the foremost cosmographers (scholars who studied the universe \u2014 the heavens and the earth, combining astronomy and geography) of Europe in his time. His ideas about geography were similar to those of other scholars of the early sixteenth century. Except in one region. Sometimes the name that a mapmaker gives to a place takes on a life of its own, even when he later has second thoughts and wishes to change it. This is the case with Martin Waldseem\u00fcller, who made two world maps in 1507. One map was a small globe shown here, the other is a very large wall map (see 1507 Wall Map.)

\r\n\r\n

Both 1507 Waldseem\u00fcller maps are in the James Ford Bell Library Collection. The curators pose this question: \"A name that he added to these maps has appeared on world maps from 1507 to the present. Yet apparently Waldseem\u00fcller changed his mind about the suitability of the name shortly after he made these first maps. What name is it and why did Martin Waldseem\u00fcller change his mind?\"

", "reference": " \u00a91999-2001 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. University Libraries. All rights reserved. Please credit the James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota if you copy or reproduce material from this page. ", "creator": ["Martin Waldseem\u00fcller"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "1507 Globe", "url": "/maps/map/1507_globe_17/", "created": 1507, "label": "1507 Globe", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/1507_globelarge__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:19:14.145210", "description": "The quest for cartographic perfection has a long and storied history!", "reference": "", "creator": ["Haggi Ahmed"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "A Complete & Perfect Map Describing the Whole World", "url": "/maps/map/a_complete__perfect__16/", "created": 1559, "label": "A Complete & Perfect Map Describing the Whole World", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/image005__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:17:36.089384", "description": "The Van Sant GeoSphere image was the first cloud-free satellite map of earth. It is presented here on a Robinson projection. The GeoSphere map is the largest selling single image of the world. It is used by numerous US federal agencies and is licensed by photo libraries worldwide.", "reference": "(c) 1998 Tom Van Sant, Inc./GeoSphere", "creator": ["Tom Van Sant"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "GeoSphere", "url": "/maps/map/geosphere_15/", "created": 1998, "label": "GeoSphere", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/geosphere__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:15:18.849626", "description": "This state is the first to add Fretum Anian at top right, Groen Landt [Greenland), and Americ\u00e6 Pars on the left in North America. The North Pole in the center has many concentric rhumb lines emanating from it. The very beautiful, pictorial colored title cartouche has 12 classic windheads within billowing clouds and two human figures.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Jan Jansson"], "nifty_fact": "Recent outline hand color; 16 x 20.5\" (45 x 52 cm) + margins. Almost Fine; minor, scattered soiling in margins", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Nova et Accurata et Terrarum Circum Lacentium Descriptio", "url": "/maps/map/nova_et_accurata_et__14/", "created": 1659, "label": "Nova et Accurata et Terrarum Circum Lacentium Descriptio", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/image003__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:12:08.348319", "description": "This map illustrates telegraph connections held by the Eastern Telegraph Company at the turn of the 20th Century.", "reference": "", "creator": ["The Eastern Telegraph Company"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Eastern Telegraph Company: Worldwide Route Map", "url": "/maps/map/eastern_telegraph_co_13/", "created": 1901, "label": "Eastern Telegraph Company: Worldwide Route Map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/EasternTelegraph__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:09:52.266328", "description": "This map illustrates telegraph cable connections between northern Europe and northeastern North America in the late 19th century.", "reference": "", "creator": [], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Anglo-American Telegraph Company: Cables to America", "url": "/maps/map/angloamerican_telegr_12/", "created": 1895, "label": "Anglo-American Telegraph Company: Cables to America", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/FourCables___jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:05:52.245067", "description": "Where Chris Dodo has walked in Helsinki, up to 1st February 2005, from memory.", "reference": "", "creator": ["Chris Dodo"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Helsinki Walked Feb 05", "url": "/maps/map/helsinki_walked_feb__11/", "created": 2005, "label": "Helsinki Walked Feb 05", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/helsinki_walked__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-12T13:04:31.218136", "description": "This is one of a series of clover-leaf maps fabricated by Henrich B\u00fcnting", "reference": "Henry Davis Consulting, Inc 2131 Delaware Ave., Suite E Santa Cruz, Ca 95060 phone: (831) 420-1785 fax: (831) 420-1786 ", "creator": ["Henrich B\u00fcnting"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Clover-leaf world map", "url": "/maps/map/cloverleaf_world_map_10/", "created": 1588, "label": "Clover-leaf world map", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/image006__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-05-12T13:01:51.866983", "description": "Charles Joseph Minard was a French civil engineer who liked to study streams and physics. Figurative maps and graphic tables were among his favorite studies. He often substituted mathematically proportioned images for dry and complicated columns of statistical data so that the first glance could \u201ctake it all in\u201d and previously unforeseen comparisons could become apparent. The data map and time-series combination shown here was created in the last year of his life. It may be the best statistical graphic ever drawn. The map portrays the losses suffered by Napoleon\u2019s army in the Russian campaign of 1812. The story begins at the Polish-Russian border with thick bands showing the size of the army in each position. The path of Napoleon\u2019s retreat is depicted by the dark lower band, tied to temperature and time scales. Six variables and a dramatic series of human events are shown together in one comprehensive portrait. ", "reference": "Tufte, Edward R. 1983. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.

Minard, Charles Joseph. 1869. Napoleon's March to Moscow. Courtesy of Edward Tufte, Graphics Press, Cheshire, CT. In \u201c1st Iteration (2005): The Power of Maps,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and
Deborah MacPherson. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Charles Joseph Minard"], "nifty_fact": "A total of six variables are shown in one comprehensive portrait.", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Napoleon's March to Moscow", "url": "/maps/map/napoleons_march_to_m_9/", "created": 1869, "label": "Napoleon's March to Moscow", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/9_______jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-11T13:23:34.395192", "description": "The Dymaxion map of the Earth is a projection of a global map onto the surface of a polyhedron, which can then be unfolded to a net in many different ways and flattened to form a two-dimensional map which retains most of the relative proportional integrity of the globe map. Description taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymaxion_projection\r\nDescription of Unique Features:\r\nThe Dymaxion map has no 'right way up'. Fuller frequently argued that in the universe there is no 'up' and 'down', or 'north' and 'south': only 'in' and 'out'. Gravitational forces of the stars and planets created 'in', meaning 'towards the gravitational center', and 'out', meaning 'away fom the gravitational center'. The north-up-superior/south-down-inferior presentation of most other world maps is linked to cultural bias. Description taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymaxion_projection", "reference": "", "creator": ["Buckminster Fuller"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Dymaxion World Map-unfolded", "url": "/maps/map/dymaxion_world_mapun_8/", "created": 1946, "label": "Dymaxion World Map-unfolded", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Dymaxion_map_unfolded__png_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-11T13:20:38.362928", "description": "This map illustrates telegraph cable connections between northern Europe and northeastern North America in the late 19th century.", "reference": "", "creator": [], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": " Anglo-American Telegraph Company: Cables to America", "url": "/maps/map/_angloamerican_teleg_7/", "created": 1895, "label": " Anglo-American Telegraph Company: Cables to America", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/FourCables_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "No", "added": "2009-05-11T13:19:19.713773", "description": "Every map gives up some aspect of reality to present another. On this map each country is shown proportional to its population. The map gives up territory to present people. You may not be able to make out the little squares, but they are easy enough to see on the original poster. Each square represents a million people. Looking at the world this way is a revelation. From the perspective of population, China is the biggest country in the world! India is not far behind. For a real shock, compare Indonesia with the United States. Compare Mexico with Canada. Africa is not as big as the news sometimes makes it. Asia has half the people in the world! ", "reference": "", "creator": [], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "The World's Most Populous Countries", "url": "/maps/map/the_worlds_most_popu_6/", "created": 2009, "label": "The World's Most Populous Countries", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/poplcart__jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-03-05T11:00:24.786232", "description": "Physicist C\u00e9sar A. Hidalgo, international development expert Bailey Klinger, physicist Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si, and economist Ricardo Hausmann applied theory and methods from physics and economics to model and map the impact of \u201cThe Product Space\u201d on the development of nations. The work is based on the assumption that (1) economies grow by upgrading the products they produce and export, and (2) the technology, capital, institutions, and skills needed to make more sophisticated products are more easily adapted from some products than from others. The map depicts co-export patterns of 775 industrial products exported by 132 countries during 1998-2000. More sophisticated products are located in a densely connected core, whereas less sophisticated products occupy a rather sparse periphery. Empirically, countries move through the product space by developing goods close to those they currently produce. Most countries can reach the core only by traversing empirically infrequent distances, which may help explain why poor countries have trouble developing more competitive exports and fail to converge to the income levels of rich countries. ", "reference": "Hidalgo, Cesar. A., Bailey Klinger, Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si, and Ricardo Hausmann. 2007. \"The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations.\" Science 317 (5837): 482-487.

Hausmann, Ricardo, C\u00e9sar A. Hidalgo, Sebasti\u00e1n Bustos, Michele Coscia, Sarah Chung, Juan Jimenez, Alexander Simoes, Muhammed A. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m. 2011 The Atlas of Economic Complexity, Puritan Press.

Hildago, Cesar A., Bailey Klinger, Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si, and Ricardo Hausmann. 2007. The Product Space. Courtesy of Harvard Kennedy School, Northeastern University, and University of Notre Dame. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F.
Hardy. http://scimaps.org

", "creator": ["Cesar A. Hidalgo", "Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si", "Bailey Klinger", "Ricardo Hausmann"], "nifty_fact": "", "category": "Domain", "title": "The Product Space", "url": "/maps/map/the_product_space_5/", "created": 2007, "label": "The Product Space", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/ProductSpace_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-03-05T10:54:21.677357", "description": "Francis Narin, Principal Investigator of the TRACES study at IITRI, founded CHI Research in Chicago in 1968 to develop and serve \u201cindicator services\u201d for government and private clients. CHI Research went on to become a leading bibliometrics research firm for the next 35 years, pioneering the application of bibliometrics to science indicators, patent citation analysis, the linking of patents and papers, and the linkage between quality patents and stock market performance. The tracing shown here was developed by George Benn under the direction of Narin. It was part of the TRACES study entitled Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science, funded by the National Science Foundation. Key events that led to the development of the video tape recorder were identified by knowledgeable research scientists and classified into three categories: non-mission research (red circles), mission-oriented research (blue triangles), and development and application (green squares). They were then organized in time, grouped, and interlinked. The resulting map is a first attempt to quantify the types of events and time lags that occur in the entire R&D process, from basic (non-mission) research to the commercial availability of a product. Most notable are the six different streams of knowledge that had to converge to produce the video tape recorder. ", "reference": "Moll, Joy K., and Francis Narin. 1977. \u201cBibliometrics.\u201d Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 12: 35-38.

Narin, Francis. 1976. Evaluative Bibliometrics: The Use of Publication and Citation Analysis in the Evaluation of Scientific Activity. Cherry Hill, NJ: Computer Horizons, Inc.

Benn, George and Francis Narin. 1969. Tracing of Key Events in the Development of the Video Tape Recorder. From Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science. Courtesy of the IIT Research Institute. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Francis Narin"], "nifty_fact": "The first attempt to quantify the types of events and time lags which occur in the entire R&D process", "category": "Concept", "title": "Tracing of Key Events in the Development of the Video Tape Recorder", "url": "/maps/map/tracing_of_key_event_4/", "created": 1968, "label": "Tracing of Key Events in the Development of the Video Tape Recorder", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Narin_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-03-05T10:48:59.344363", "description": "Charles Joseph Minard was a French civil engineer and a true pioneer in thematic cartography and statistical graphics. Altogether, he generated over 50 maps looking at differential courses for the transport of goods and people. This is the seventh and final version in a series of maps showing the impact of the American Civil War (1861\u20131865) on the European cotton trade. The flows of raw cotton prior, during, and after the war are depicted as colored bands. The width of the bands represents the amount of raw cotton imported, with one millimeter representing 5000 barrels. Prior to the U.S. Civil War, most of Europe relied exclusively on the U.S. South as the sole source of this indispensable raw material (blue band). Export blockades during the war changed global trade patterns, instigating a fierce competition between the U.S. (blue band), India and China (orange band), and Egypt (brown band). Minard argued that \u201ca sustained competition among the rival producers would be most useful for England and Europe.\u201d In the mid-to-late 1800s, his influence and contribution to visually based planning was so influential that all Ministers of Public Works in France had their portraits painted with one of Minard\u2019s maps in the background. One of Minard\u2019s most famous maps, Napoleon\u2019s March to Moscow, is shown in the first iteration of this exhibit. ", "reference": "Corbett, John. 1967. \u201cCharles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon\u2019s March, 1861.\u201d Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Accessed April 2, 2007. http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58.

Robinson, Arthur H. 1967. \u201cThe Thematic Maps of Charles Joseph Minard.\u201d Imago Mundi: A Review of Early Cartography 21: 95-108.

Finley, Dawn and Virginia Tufte. 2002. \u201cMinard\u2019s Sources.\u201d Edward Tufte: New ET Writings, Artworks & News. Accessed April 2, 2007. http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/minard.

Minard, Charles Joseph. Europe Raw Cotton Imports in 1858, 1864 and 1865. 1866. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Division. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Charles Joseph Minard"], "nifty_fact": "This is the seventh and final version of a series of maps that show the impact of the American Civil War (1861\u20131865) on the European cotton trade.", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "Europe Raw Cotton Imports in 1858, 1864 and 1865", "url": "/maps/map/europe_raw_cotton_im_3/", "created": 1866, "label": "Europe Raw Cotton Imports in 1858, 1864 and 1865", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Minard_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}, {"exhibit": "Yes", "added": "2009-03-05T10:45:48.352319", "description": "EarthPulse by National Geographic is a visual guide to global trends. It explores our complex connections with vivid and informative imagery, maps, diagrams, and interactives to illuminate where we are today, how we got here, and how our actions may affect the future of life on Earth. The very first issue of EarthPulse features a global map of subjective well-being (SWB). A ranking of the world\u2019s happiest places is given on the right. The data on SWB was extracted from a meta-analysis by Nic Marks, Saamah Abdallah, Andrew Simms, and Sam Thompson in 2006 (http://happyplanetindex.org). It is immediately evident that there is an effect of poverty on levels of SWB. The map itself mirrors other projections of poverty and gross domestic product. Adrian White compared the data on SWB with the 2005 data on access to education provided by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2005 health data made available by the United Nations (UN), and 2006 poverty data downloaded from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). It was found that SWB correlates most strongly with health (.7), wealth (.6), and access to basic education (.6). This adds to the evidence that, from a global perspective, the biggest factors affecting SWB are poverty and associated variables. Learn more at http://nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse.", "reference": "Marks, Nic, Saamah Abdallah, Andrew Simms, and Sam Thompson. 2006. The Unhappy Planet Index: An Index of Human Well-Being and Environmental Impact. The Happy Planet. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.happyplanetindex.org/public-data/files/happy-planet-index-first-global.pdf.

White, Adrian and the National Geographic EarthPulse Team. 2008. A Global Projection of Subjective Well-Being. Courtesy of National Geographic. In \u201c4th Iteration (2008): Science Maps for Economic Decision-Makers,\u201d Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, edited by Katy B\u00f6rner and Elisha F. Hardy. http://scimaps.org.

", "creator": ["Adrian White", "National Geographic EarthPulse Team"], "nifty_fact": "Subjective well being seems to correlate with health, wealth, and access to basic education.", "category": "Cartographic", "title": "A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being", "url": "/maps/map/a_global_projection__2/", "created": 2008, "label": "A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being", "type": "Map", "thumbnail": "http://www.scimaps.org//exhibit/maps/Happyness_jpg_75x75_crop_q85.jpg"}], "properties": {"url": {"valueType": "url"}, "exhibit": {"valueType": "boolean"}, "thumbnail": {"valueType": "url"}}, "types": {"Map": {"pluralLabel": "Maps"}}}